Optimizing mobile network traffic coordination across multiple applications running on a mobile device

ABSTRACT

A mobile device allows transmission of additional outgoing application data requests in response to occurrence of receipt of data transfer from a remote entity, user input in response to a prompt displayed to the user, and a change in a background status of an application executing on the mobile device. Additional outgoing application data requests are foreground application requests.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.17/025,143 filed Sep. 18, 2020, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 16/902,357 filed Jun. 16, 2020, issued as U.S. Pat.No. 10,785,724 on Sep. 22, 2020, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 16/585,013 filed Sep. 27, 2019, issued as U.S. Pat.No. 10,856,231 on Dec. 1, 2020, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 16/503,952 filed Jul. 5, 2019, issued as U.S. Pat.No. 10,499,339 on Dec. 3, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 16/164,601 filed Oct. 18, 2018, issued as U.S. Pat.No. 10,477,481 on Nov. 12, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 16/046,960 filed Jul. 26, 2018, issued as U.S. Pat.No. 10,194,398 on Jan. 29, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/595,104 filed May 15, 2017, issued as U.S. Pat.No. 10,091,734 on Oct. 2, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/710,167 filed May 12, 2015, issued as U.S. Pat.No. 9,671,851 on Jun. 6, 2017, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/477,625 filed May 22, 2012, which is a divisionof U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/407,406 filed Feb. 28, 2012,which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/178,598filed Jul. 8, 2011, which claims the benefit of U.S. ProvisionalApplications No. 61/430,828 filed Jan. 7, 2011, No. 61/416,033 filedNov. 22, 2010, No. 61/416,020 filed Nov. 22, 2010, No. 61/408,846 filedNov. 1, 2010, No. 61/408,854 filed Nov. 1, 2010, No. 61/408,858 filedNov. 1, 2010, No. 61/408,829 filed Nov. 1, 2010, No. 61/408,826 filedNov. 1, 2010, No. 61/408,820 filed Nov. 1, 2010, No. 61/408,839 filedNov. 1, 2010, No. 61/367,870 filed Jul. 26, 2010, and No. 61/367,871filed Jul. 26, 2010, each of which is incorporated herein by referencein its entirety.

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/710,167 filed May 12, 2015, issuedas U.S. Pat. No. 9,671,851 on Jun. 6, 2017, is also a continuation ofU.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/467,922 filed Aug. 25, 2014, issuedas U.S. Pat. No. 9,247,019 on Jan. 26, 2016, which is a division of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 13/188,553 filed Jul. 22, 2011, issued asU.S. Pat. No. 8,886,176 on Nov. 11, 2014, which claims the benefit ofU.S. Provisional Applications No. 61/430,828 filed Jan. 7, 2011, No.61/416,033 filed Nov. 22, 2010, No. 61/416,020 filed Nov. 22, 2010, No.61/408,846 filed Nov. 1, 2010, No. 61/408,854 filed Nov. 1, 2010, No.61/408,858 filed Nov. 1, 2010, No. 61/408,829 filed Nov. 1, 2010, No.61/408,826 filed Nov. 1, 2010, No. 61/408,820 filed Nov. 1, 2010, No.61/408,839 filed Nov. 1, 2010, No. 61/367,870 filed Jul. 26, 2010, andNo. 61/367,871 filed Jul. 26, 2010, each of which is incorporated hereinby reference in its entirety.

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/710,167 filed May 12, 2015, issuedas U.S. Pat. No. 9,671,851 on Jun. 6, 2017, is also a continuation ofU.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/355,443 filed Jan. 20, 2012, issuedas U.S. Pat. No. 9,049,179 on Jun. 2, 2015, which is a continuation ofU.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/115,631 filed May 25, 2011, issuedas U.S. Pat. No. 9,043,433 on May 26, 2015, which claims the benefit ofU.S. Provisional Applications No. 61/430,828 filed Jan. 7, 2011, No.61/416,033 filed Nov. 22, 2010, No. 61/416,020 filed Nov. 22, 2010, No.61/408,846 filed Nov. 1, 2010, No. 61/408,854 filed Nov. 1, 2010, No.61/408,858 filed Nov. 1, 2010, No. 61/408,829 filed Nov. 1, 2010, No.61/408,826 filed Nov. 1, 2010, No. 61/408,820 filed Nov. 1, 2010, No.61/408,839 filed Nov. 1, 2010, No. 61/367,870 filed Jul. 26, 2010, andNo. 61/367,871 filed Jul. 26, 2010, each of which is incorporated hereinby reference in its entirety.

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/710,167 filed May 12, 2015, issuedas U.S. Pat. No. 9,671,851 on Jun. 6, 2017, is also a continuation ofU.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/115,740 filed May 25, 2011, whichclaims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Applications No. 61/430,828 filedJan. 7, 2011, No. 61/416,033 filed Nov. 22, 2010, No. 61/416,020 filedNov. 22, 2010, No. 61/408,846 filed Nov. 1, 2010, No. 61/408,854 filedNov. 1, 2010, No. 61/408,858 filed Nov. 1, 2010, No. 61/408,829 filedNov. 1, 2010, No. 61/408,826 filed Nov. 1, 2010, No. 61/408,820 filedNov. 1, 2010, No. 61/408,839 filed Nov. 1, 2010, No. 61/367,870 filedJul. 26, 2010, and No. 61/367,871 filed Jul. 26, 2010, each of which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

When WCDMA was specified, there was little attention to requirementsposed by applications whose functions are based on actions initiated bythe network, in contrast to functions initiated by the user or by thedevice. Such applications include, for example, push email, instantmessaging, visual voicemail and voice and video telephony, and others.Such applications typically require an always-on IP connection andfrequent transmit of small bits of data. WCDMA networks are designed andoptimized for high-throughput of large amounts of data, not forapplications that require frequent, but low-throughput and/or smallamounts of data. Each transaction puts the mobile device radio in a highpower mode for considerable length of time—typically between 15-30seconds. As the high power mode can consume as much as 100× the power asan idle mode, these network-initiated applications quickly drain batteryin WCDMA networks. The issue has been exacerbated by the rapid increaseof popularity of applications with network-initiated functionalities,such as push email.

Lack of proper support has prompted a number of vendors to providedocuments to guide their operator partners and independent softwarevendors to configure their networks and applications to perform betterin WCDMA networks. This guidance focuses on: configuring networks to goto stay on high-power radio mode as short as possible and makingperiodic keep alive messages that are used to maintain an always-onTCP/IP connection as infrequent as possible. Such solutions typicallyassume lack of coordination between the user, the application and thenetwork.

Furthermore, application protocols may provide long-lived connectionsthat allow servers to push updated data to a mobile device without theneed of the client to periodically re-establish the connection or toperiodically query for changes. However, the mobile device needs to besure that the connection remains usable by periodically sending somedata, often called a keep-alive message, to the server and making surethe server is receiving this data. While the amount of data sent for asingle keep-alive is not a lot and the keep-alive interval for anindividual application is not too short, the cumulative effect ofmultiple applications performing this individually will amount to smallpieces of data being sent very frequently. Frequently sending bursts ofdata in a wireless network also result in high battery consumption dueto the constant need of powering/re-powering the radio module.

Furthermore, in general, mobile application usage is sporadic in nature.For example, there can be periods of user inactivity (e.g., duringworking hours or when the user is sleeping) followed by periods ofmultiple application usage, such as where a user is updating theirFacebook status, sending a Tweet, checking their email, and using otherapplications to get an update of their online information. This doesn'tmean, however, that the mobile device is inactive during userinactivity: the device may be actively downloading new content such asadvertisements, polling for email, and receiving push notifications foractivities on the Internet, thus utilizing occupying network bandwidthand consuming device power even when the user is not interacting withthe mobile device or otherwise expecting data.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A illustrates an example diagram of a system where a host serverfacilitates management of traffic between client devices and anapplication server or content provider in a wireless network forresource conservation.

FIG. 1B illustrates an example diagram of a proxy and cache systemdistributed between the host server and device which facilitates networktraffic management between a device and an application server/contentprovider for resource conservation.

FIG. 2A depicts a block diagram illustrating an example of client-sidecomponents in a distributed proxy and cache system residing on a mobiledevice that manages traffic in a wireless network for resourceconservation.

FIG. 2B depicts a block diagram illustrating another example ofcomponents in the application behavior detector and the traffic shapingengine in the local proxy on the client-side of the distributed proxysystem shown in the example of FIG. 2A.

FIG. 2C depicts a block diagram illustrating another example of the useractivity module having a prediction engine in the local proxy on theclient-side of the distributed proxy system shown in the example of FIG.2A.

FIG. 3A depicts a block diagram illustrating an example of server-sidecomponents in a distributed proxy and cache system that manages trafficin a wireless network for resource conservation.

FIG. 3B depicts a block diagram illustrating another example of theserver-side components of the distributed proxy system shown in theexample of FIG. 3A as further including a user experience enhancementengine and with the traffic shaping engine further including a delaymodule.

FIG. 4A depicts a timing diagram showing how data requests from a mobiledevice to an application server/content provider in a wireless networkcan be coordinated by a distributed proxy system in a manner such thatnetwork and battery resources are conserved through using contentcaching and monitoring performed by the distributed proxy system.

FIG. 4B depicts a timing diagram showing how data requests from a mobiledevice to an application server/content provider in a wireless networkcan be aligned at the local proxy in the distributed proxy system tooptimize network and radio use.

FIG. 5 depicts a diagram showing one example process for implementing ahybrid IP and SMS power saving mode on a mobile device using adistributed proxy and cache system (e.g., such as the distributed systemshown in the example of FIG. 1B).

FIG. 6A depicts a flow chart illustrating example processes throughwhich context awareness is used for traffic management.

FIG. 6B depicts a flow chart illustrating example processes throughwhich application behavior on a mobile device is used for trafficoptimization.

FIG. 6C depicts a flow chart illustrating example selection processesthrough which data transfer requests of multiple applications can becoordinated into a single transfer operation.

FIG. 6D depicts a flow chart illustrating an example process for usinguser activity and/or application server/provider activity to time thetransfer of data from the host to the mobile device to optimize use ofnetwork resources.

FIG. 7A depicts a flow chart illustrating an example process formanaging traffic in a wireless network based on user interaction with amobile device.

FIG. 7B depicts a flow chart illustrating an example process for mobileapplication traffic optimization through data monitoring andcoordination in a distributed proxy and cache system.

FIG. 7C depicts an example of triggering events that would cause a datarequest to be transferred without alignment with another data request.

FIG. 7D depicts an example of processes which can be used for userbehavior prediction.

FIG. 8A depicts a flow chart illustrating another example process formanaging traffic in a wireless network based on user interaction with amobile device.

FIG. 8B depicts a flow chart illustrating an example process forpreventing applications from needing to send keep-alive messages tomaintain an IP connection with a content server.

FIG. 8C depicts a flow chart illustrating an example process for usingtiming characteristics of data requests made by individual applicationsto delay transfer of one or more of the data requests made by one of theindividual applications.

FIG. 8D depicts an example of processes which can be used to detectapplication server/content provider characteristics.

FIG. 9A depicts a flow chart illustrating an example process formanaging traffic initiated from a mobile device in a wireless networkthrough batching of event transfer based on event priority.

FIG. 9B depicts a flow chart illustrating an example process for usingapplication behavior of multiple applications to align their contentrequests made over the network.

FIG. 9C depicts a flow chart illustrating an example process toanticipate a future activity session at a mobile device to enhance userexperience with a mobile application.

FIG. 10A depicts a flow chart illustrating another example process formanaging traffic initiated remotely from a mobile device in a wirelessnetwork through batching of event transfer based on event priority.

FIG. 10B depicts an example of processes through which the time of delayfor content requests can be determined to align content requests overthe wireless network.

FIG. 10C depicts an example of processes through which contextual datafor use in anticipation of future activity sessions can be determined.

FIG. 11 shows a diagrammatic representation of a machine in the exampleform of a computer system within which a set of instructions, forcausing the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologiesdiscussed herein, may be executed.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description and drawings are illustrative and are not tobe construed as limiting. Numerous specific details are described toprovide a thorough understanding of the disclosure. However, in certaininstances, well-known or conventional details are not described in orderto avoid obscuring the description. References to one or an embodimentin the present disclosure can be, but not necessarily are, references tothe same embodiment; and, such references mean at least one of theembodiments.

Reference in this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment”means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic describedin connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodimentof the disclosure. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” invarious places in the specification are not necessarily all referring tothe same embodiment, nor are separate or alternative embodimentsmutually exclusive of other embodiments. Moreover, various features aredescribed which may be exhibited by some embodiments and not by others.Similarly, various requirements are described which may be requirementsfor some embodiments but not other embodiments.

The terms used in this specification generally have their ordinarymeanings in the art, within the context of the disclosure, and in thespecific context where each term is used. Certain terms that are used todescribe the disclosure are discussed below, or elsewhere in thespecification, to provide additional guidance to the practitionerregarding the description of the disclosure. For convenience, certainterms may be highlighted, for example using italics and/or quotationmarks. The use of highlighting has no influence on the scope and meaningof a term; the scope and meaning of a term is the same, in the samecontext, whether or not it is highlighted. It will be appreciated thatsame thing can be said in more than one way.

Consequently, alternative language and synonyms may be used for any oneor more of the terms discussed herein, nor is any special significanceto be placed upon whether or not a term is elaborated or discussedherein. Synonyms for certain terms are provided. A recital of one ormore synonyms does not exclude the use of other synonyms. The use ofexamples anywhere in this specification including examples of any termsdiscussed herein is illustrative only, and is not intended to furtherlimit the scope and meaning of the disclosure or of any exemplifiedterm. Likewise, the disclosure is not limited to various embodimentsgiven in this specification.

Without intent to limit the scope of the disclosure, examples ofinstruments, apparatus, methods and their related results according tothe embodiments of the present disclosure are given below. Note thattitles or subtitles may be used in the examples for convenience of areader, which in no way should limit the scope of the disclosure. Unlessotherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein havethe same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in theart to which this disclosure pertains. In the case of conflict, thepresent document, including definitions will control.

Embodiments of the present disclosure include systems and methods formobile application traffic optimization.

Embodiments of the present disclosure include systems and methods forcontext aware traffic management for network and device resourceconservation.

Embodiments of the present disclosure include systems and methods formobile network traffic coordination across multiple applications.

Embodiments of the present disclosure include systems and methods forprediction of activity session for mobile network use optimizationand/or user experience enhancement.

One embodiment of the disclosed technology includes, a system thatoptimizes multiple aspects of the connection with wired and wirelessnetworks and devices through a comprehensive view of device andapplication activity including: loading, current application needs on adevice, controlling the type of access (push vs. pull or hybrid),location, concentration of users in a single area, time of day, howoften the user interacts with the application, content or device, andusing this information to shape traffic to a cooperative client/serveror simultaneously mobile devices without a cooperative client. Becausethe disclosed server is not tied to any specific network provider it hasvisibility into the network performance across all service providers.This enables optimizations to be applied to devices regardless of theoperator or service provider, thereby enhancing the user experience andmanaging network utilization while roaming. Bandwidth has beenconsidered a major issue in wireless networks today. More and moreresearch has been done related to the need for additional bandwidth tosolve access problems—many of the performance enhancing solutions andnext generation standards, such as LTE, 4G, and WiMAX are focused onproviding increased bandwidth. A key problem is lack of bandwidth on thesignaling channel more so than the data channel.

Embodiments of the disclosed technology includes, for example, alignmentof requests from multiple applications to minimize the need for severalpolling requests; leverage specific content types to determine how toproxy/manage a connection/content; and apply specific heuristicsassociated with device, user behavioral patterns (how often theyinteract with the device/application) and/or network parameters.

Embodiments of the present technology can further include, movingrecurring HTTP polls performed by various widgets, RSS readers, etc., toremote network node (e.g., Network operation center (NOC)), thusconsiderably lowering device battery/power consumption, radio channelsignaling, and bandwidth usage. Additionally, the offloading can beperformed transparently so that existing applications do not need to bechanged.

In some embodiments, this can be implemented using a local proxy on themobile device which automatically detects recurring requests for thesame content (RSS feed, Widget data set) that matches a specific rule(e.g., happens every 15 minutes). The local proxy can automaticallycache the content on the mobile device while delegating the polling tothe server (e.g., a proxy server operated as an element of acommunications network). The server can then notify the mobile/clientproxy if the content changes, and if content has not changed (or notchanged sufficiently, or in an identified manner or amount) the mobileproxy provides the latest version in its cache to the user (without needto utilize the radio at all). This way the mobile device (e.g., a mobilephone, smart phone, etc.) does not need to open up (e.g., thus poweringon the radio) or use a data connection if the request is for contentthat is monitored and that has been not flagged as new, changed, orotherwise different.

The logic for automatically adding content sources/application servers(e.g., including URLs/content) to be monitored can also check forvarious factors like how often the content is the same, how often thesame request is made (is there a fixed interval/pattern?), whichapplication is requesting the data, etc. Similar rules to decide betweenusing the cache and request the data from the original source may alsobe implemented and executed by the local proxy and/or server.

For example, when the request comes at an unscheduled/unexpected time(user initiated check), or after every (n) consecutive times theresponse has been provided from the cache, etc., or if the applicationis running in the background vs. in a more interactive mode of theforeground. As more and more mobile applications base their features onresources available in the network, this becomes increasingly important.In addition, the disclosed technology allows elimination of unnecessarychatter from the network, benefiting the operators trying to optimizethe wireless spectrum usage.

Cross Application Traffic Coordination

In one embodiment of the present disclosure, a group of applications [A,B, C . . . ] may have a timeline of transfers of data from the mobiledevice (or client (e.g., mobile application, software agent, widget,etc.) on the mobile device) to the network, or from the network to themobile device (for receipt by the client). The time of the transfers canbe represented as:

Application A: tA1, tA2, tA3, . . . .

Application B: tB1, tB2, tB3, . . . .

Application C: tC1, tC2, tC3, . . . .

Each of the times ‘t’ can have a natural point of occurring based uponthe independent activity of the corresponding application as operationsare executed at the application server/provider and/or on the softwareclient on the mobile device. For example, an application can transfer amessage, an event, or other types of data to the network (or vice versa)at a regular or semi-regular series of times as part of polling,satisfying a device, application, or user request, applicationmaintenance, or other operation.

Similarly, an application can transfer a message, event, or other typesdata via the network (or vice versa) at a regular, semi-regular, orirregular series of times to perform its inherent functions oroperations, such as synchronizing two data stores, determining thecontents of a data store, accessing new data from the applicationserver/service provider, communicating with a peer device (e.g., anotherdevice with the same application or another application with which therequesting application interacts), exchanging control messages, etc.

In some instances, there is typically no correlation or weak correlationbetween the times at which data transfers or event transactions occurfor one application as compared to a second application on a givenmobile device, or for different data requests for the same application.In some cases, there may be a stronger correlation between the times atwhich a transfer occurs for one application as compared to a secondapplication (e.g., where an operation of a first application isdependent upon or triggers an operation of a second application, orwhere a user typically executes an operation of one application inconjunction with an operation of a second application). Note that insome instances, the second application may be the same application asthe first application and that correlations can be tracked anddetermined for multiple requests sent by one application in a similarfashion.

In some embodiments, in order to optimize (e.g., typically to minimize)the number of times that a device (e.g., a mobile device or smart phone)radio is turned on to decrease the consumption of power (and henceconserve its battery or other power source), a distributed proxy systemincluding a local proxy and/or proxy server can operate to intercept theevents or transactions (or requests for transfer) of information. Whenintercepted, the local proxy and/or the proxy server can delay (orexpedite) the time at which one or more of these transfers wouldnormally occur in order to perform multiple transfers together as partof a single transfer operation (i.e., instead of performing multiple,individual transfers). Alternatively, the local and/or proxy server canpre-retrieve data for a non-priority application or less important/timesensitive application whose polls are typically expected to happenbefore another application having higher priority, for example. In otherwords, a delay could be negative resulting in content pre-retrieval foralignment with an anticipated data request which typically happensbefore the request of the lesser priority application.

The delay time (D) can represent a maximum time delay value (or in someinstances, expedited time value) after receipt of a request to make sucha transfer, with the value of D determined so as to enable thecollection of as many of the transfers as feasible in a single,optimized data transfer. The delay times or expedited times of one ormore transfers are determined so as to factor in any potential impact onperformance and user experience. Ideally, the system determines D toprevent undesired penalties or inefficiencies, and to prevent undesiredimpact on the user experience. Note that as described above, the delay‘D’ could be negative or positive for alignment purposes (e.g., toimplement a delayed or an expedited transfer).

In some embodiments, delay time ‘D’ (use to represent both positive andnegative delays (effectively and expedited transfer)) can be determinedbased on consideration of one or more of the following factors: thepriority of the application (or the relative priority of one applicationin comparison to another), the nature or amount of data involved in thetransfer (e.g., whether it represents fresh data, a housekeepingfunction, a control instruction, etc.), the status of the application(e.g., active, inactive, background, foreground, etc.), a useablelifetime of the data to be transferred (a period before it becomesstale), the interval between the transfer times of multiple datarequests for a single application, the interval between the transfertimes across more than one application (e.g., the largest transfer timeinterval based on consideration of all active applications), networkcharacteristics (available bandwidth, network latency, etc.), or anotherrelevant factor.

In some embodiments, the delay time ‘D’ of specific events/transactionscan be controlled by the mobile device (e.g., platform, device settings,or OS specifications), network service provider, and/or the user as partof optimizing the battery life to align data transfer requests acrossmultiple applications or the same application, as opposed to performingeach data transfer individually. In some instances, the user canmanually configure a setting specifying that requests across multipleapplications or the same application are to be batched. The user canenable the setting, and allow the system to configure the details. Inaddition, the user can specify preferences, priorities, or any otherconstraints related to alignment of data request transfer of the mobilenetwork.

Activity Session Method

As will be described, in some embodiments the present disclosure isdirected to a method for augmenting a distributed proxy-based solutionby introducing the concept of an “activity session”. An activity sessionis a pattern of multiple mobile application use by a user that can be“predicted” by using contextual clues available to a local proxy on amobile device. Based on the prediction, a multiplex connection can becreated and pre-caching of content can be performed to support the dataactivity during the session, thus minimizing the signaling overhead aswell as the multiplexed transaction duration. In some embodiments thisapproach will also provide the additional benefit of an improved userexperience (e.g., by reducing a perceived latency).

In one embodiment, an activity session is a pattern of multiple mobileapplication use by a mobile user that can be “predicted” (or otherwiseanticipated or expected) based on contextual clues detected and analyzedby a local proxy on a device (e.g., the user's mobile or portable phone,smartphone) and/or by a proxy server in a distributed proxy system.

Based on the prediction, a multiplex connection can be created andpre-caching of content can be performed to support the data activityduring the session, thus minimizing the signaling overhead as well asthe multiplexed transaction duration. Further, in some embodiments thisapproach can provide enhanced user experience by reducing or eliminatinguser wait times or other sources of latency in the user experience.

Connection Optimization

TCP connections, such as persistent TCP sessions and TCP connectionpooling can be utilized for reusing connections. Both techniques on amobile device allow previously-established TCP connections to the sameserver (e.g., a host server, an application server, or content provider)to be reused for multiple HTTP transactions, which saves connectionestablishment and tear-down times between transactions. However, withmultiple applications running, and each establishing its own TCPconnections to multiple host servers (application servers/contentproviders), there are potentially many TCP connections being establishedon a mobile device during a given time of network activity.

A benefit of a distributed proxy system (such as that shown in theexamples of FIGS. 1A-1B), where each component (i.e., the local proxy inthe mobile device and the proxy server in the host server) isacknowledged by the system and each other, is that a single TCPconnection can be used to transport all of the application trafficduring an established activity session.

For example, the WebMUX and SCP protocols allow multiplexing of multiplesessions of application-level protocols (such as HTTP) over a single TCPconnection. In one embodiment, an activity session can be supported by amultiplexed TCP connection using these or additional mechanisms. Inanother embodiment, the activity session is supported by a TCPconnection pool, with the connection reuse enhanced by nature ofconnecting to a single and known proxy server such as the disclosedproxy system.

Prediction Basis

The disclosed distributed proxy and cache system can eliminate ordecrease resource consumption of “background” data access of mobileapplications and processes in order to improve signaling efficiency,power consumption (battery life), and use of network resources. Theprioritization or prediction of the occurring of data access or thebackground data access may be based on one or more data types orcharacteristics, heuristics, algorithms, collaborative filteringtechniques, etc. that process data to determine a most likely behaviorby a user.

For example, the data processing may determine that there is arelatively high correlation between a user accessing one type ofapplication, followed by them accessing a second application. Or, thatwhen a user becomes active on their device after a certain amount oftime, they are likely to engage in a series of actions, data requests,etc. Or, that when sufficient new data (notifications, messages, etc.)has become available to the user, they are likely to access it in acertain order (such as by activating a series of applications orgenerating a series of requests in a certain order).

In some embodiments, or in addition to the server prediction approachdescribed above, the mobile device may use contextual cues available viahardware sensors or application activity indications to predict thelikelihood of the start of an activity session. For example, the localproxy may monitor location changes in the device to predict that alocation update may be sent to a location-based service, or may monitoruser activity at certain geographical locations and anticipate anactivity session, for example, based on historical application usage ata particular location. The anticipated activity session, which can bederived by means of hardware context on the mobile device (e.g., thestate or operating status of the device), can be the same or differentin structure as that created by the proxy server (e.g., server 100 ofFIGS. 1A-1B).

Establishing the Activity Session

An activity session may be recognized and activated based on a predictedactivity session by either the proxy server or the local proxy in thefollowing manner. On the device side, application activity after aperiod of inactivity, during which a potential activity session has beenidentified, can cause the local proxy to compare the data request to alist of host URLs associated with a predicted/anticipated activitysession.

If the data activity matches a higher-priority entry in the URL list,for example, based on a priority threshold, the data activity maytrigger the start of an activity session based on the predicted activitysession. If there is no match or a lower-priority match, then theactivity session may not be initiated. Other embodiments may includeother prioritization schemes or priority criteria to determine when orif an activity session will be established. A predicted activity sessioncan be recognized and converted to an Activity Session in the hostserver (proxy server) in a similar manner.

In some embodiments, if an activity session is detected or created bythe local proxy, the local proxy can request a multiplexed connection beestablished to optimize the signaling during the session. If an activitysession is identified by the server, the existing TCP connection openedfrom the mobile device can be converted into a multiplexed session andused for the optimized connection. Alternatively, the first data requestfrom the mobile device can be accomplished outside of the multiplexedconnection, and the multiplexed connection can be established forsubsequent data transfers.

Once an activity session is established and has been acknowledged by thelocal proxy and/or proxy server, the proxy server can now proactivelycache data (e.g., access the URLs or application servers/providersanticipated in the predicted activity sessions) for more rapid access tocontent anticipated to be needed in the predicted activity session. Thesystem can “piggy-back” transfer of the anticipated data with other datarequested by the mobile device for caching in the local cache on themobile device. These mechanisms effectively increase the availability ofdesired data on the mobile, and shorten the duration of an establishedconnection needed for the present activity session.

One example of a use case for the present technology is described asfollows:

i. Predicting an activity session based on push activity in the idlestate:

-   -   1. While user is sleeping, his phone has received three push        notifications from Facebook, and five emails;    -   2. When user wakes up and checks his phone, he sees these        notifications and emails. His natural tendency is to open these        two applications and check his emails and Facebook status;    -   3. Upon the transition from screen-lock to unlock, the server        recognizes that based on the push activity, the user is likely        to get access to these two applications. The device sends a        state change notification to the server, and in response, the        server sends an activity session indicator to the device. The        server pre-caches information relevant to the session, and        creates a persistent connection with the device to support the        activity session;    -   4. User accesses the services, and is pleased that the relevant        data seems to be already on his device;    -   5. The persistent connection is managed by the device and server        to time out based on certain criteria, to maximize device        battery life.

ii. Predicting an activity session based on a change in geographicallocation during idle state—as a user moves between locations, the systemcan recognize that they are more likely to engage in certain requests oractivities based on the transit route or the new location.

iii. Predicting an activity session based on receiving a phone call inidle state based on previous user behavior, the system now recognizesthat the user is likely to engage in certain behaviors upon accessingthe call (such as checking a specific applications, making certainupdates, accessing certain contacts in the contact book, etc.).

FIG. 1A illustrates an example diagram of a system where a host server100 facilitates management of traffic between client devices 102 and anapplication server or content provider 110 in a wireless network forresource conservation.

The client devices 102A-D can be any system and/or device, and/or anycombination of devices/systems that is able to establish a connection,including wired, wireless, cellular connections with another device, aserver and/or other systems such as host server 100 and/or applicationserver/content provider 110. Client devices 102 will typically include adisplay and/or other output functionalities to present information anddata exchanged between among the devices 102 and/or the host server 100and/or application server/content provider 110.

For example, the client devices 102 can include mobile, hand held orportable devices or non-portable devices and can be any of, but notlimited to, a server desktop, a desktop computer, a computer cluster, orportable devices including, a notebook, a laptop computer, a handheldcomputer, a palmtop computer, a mobile phone, a cell phone, a smartphone, a PDA, a Blackberry device, a Palm device, Treo, a handheldtablet (e.g., an iPad or any other tablet), a hand held console, a handheld gaming device or console, any SuperPhone such as the iPhone, and/orany other portable, mobile, hand held devices, etc. In one embodiment,the client devices 102, host server 100, and app server 110 are coupledvia a network 106 and/or a network 108. In some embodiments, the devices102 and host server 100 may be directly connected to one another.

The input mechanism on client devices 102 can include touch screenkeypad (including single touch, multi-touch, gesture sensing in 2D or3D, etc.), a physical keypad, a mouse, a pointer, a track pad, motiondetector (e.g., including 1-axis, 2-axis, 3-axis accelerometer, etc.), alight sensor, capacitance sensor, resistance sensor, temperature sensor,proximity sensor, a piezoelectric device, device orientation detector(e.g., electronic compass, tilt sensor, rotation sensor, gyroscope,accelerometer), or a combination of the above.

Signals received or detected indicating user activity at client devices102 through one or more of the above input mechanism, or others, can beused in the disclosed technology in acquiring context awareness at theclient device 102. Context awareness at client devices 102 generallyincludes, by way of example but not limitation, client device 102operation or state acknowledgement, management, useractivity/behavior/interaction awareness, detection, sensing, tracking,trending, and/or application (e.g., mobile applications) type, behavior,activity, operating state, etc.

Context awareness in the present disclosure also includes knowledge anddetection of network side contextual data and can include networkinformation such as network capacity, bandwidth, traffic, type ofnetwork/connectivity, and/or any other operational state data. Networkside contextual data can be received from and/or queried from networkservice providers (e.g., cell provider 112 and/or Internet serviceproviders) of the network 106 and/or network 108 (e.g., by the hostserver and/or devices 102). In addition to application context awarenessas determined from the client 102 side, the application contextawareness may also be received from or obtained/queried from therespective application/service providers 110 (by the host 100 and/orclient devices 102).

The host server 100 can use, for example, contextual informationobtained for client devices 102, networks 106/108, applications (e.g.,mobile applications), application server/provider 110, or anycombination of the above, to manage the traffic in the system to satisfydata needs of the client devices 102 (e.g., to satisfy application orany other request including HTTP request). In one embodiment, thetraffic is managed by the host server 100 to satisfy data requests madein response to explicit or non-explicit user 103 requests and/ordevice/application maintenance tasks. The traffic can be managed suchthat network consumption, for example, use of the cellular network isconserved for effective and efficient bandwidth utilization. Inaddition, the host server 100 can manage and coordinate such traffic inthe system such that use of device 102 side resources (e.g., includingbut not limited to battery power consumption, radio use,processor/memory use) are optimized with a general philosophy forresource conservation while still optimizing performance and userexperience.

For example, in context of battery conservation, the device 150 canobserve user activity (for example, by observing user keystrokes,backlight status, or other signals via one or more input mechanisms,etc.) and alters device 102 behaviors. The device 150 can also requestthe host server 100 to alter the behavior for network resourceconsumption based on user activity or behavior.

In one embodiment, the traffic management for resource conservation isperformed using a distributed system between the host server 100 andclient device 102. The distributed system can include proxy server andcache components on the server 100 side and on the client 102 side, forexample, as shown by the server cache 135 on the server 100 side and thelocal cache 150 on the client 102 side.

Functions and techniques disclosed for context aware traffic managementfor resource conservation in networks (e.g., network 106 and/or 108) anddevices 102, reside in a distributed proxy and cache system. The proxyand cache system can be distributed between, and reside on, a givenclient device 102 in part or in whole and/or host server 100 in part orin whole. The distributed proxy and cache system are illustrated withfurther reference to the example diagram shown in FIG. 1B. Functions andtechniques performed by the proxy and cache components in the clientdevice 102, the host server 100, and the related components therein aredescribed, respectively, in detail with further reference to theexamples of FIGS. 2A-3B.

In one embodiment, client devices 102 communicate with the host server100 and/or the application server 110 over network 106, which can be acellular network. To facilitate overall traffic management betweendevices 102 and various application servers/content providers 110 toimplement network (bandwidth utilization) and device resource (e.g.,battery consumption), the host server 100 can communicate with theapplication server/providers 110 over the network 108, which can includethe Internet.

In general, the networks 106 and/or 108, over which the client devices102, the host server 100, and/or application server 110 communicate, maybe a cellular network, a telephonic network, an open network, such asthe Internet, or a private network, such as an intranet and/or theextranet, or any combination thereof. For example, the Internet canprovide file transfer, remote log in, email, news, RSS, cloud-basedservices, instant messaging, visual voicemail, push mail, VoIP, andother services through any known or convenient protocol, such as, but isnot limited to the TCP/IP protocol, UDP, HTTP, DNS, Open SystemInterconnections (OSI), FTP, UPnP, iSCSI, NSF, ISDN, PDH, RS-232, SDH,SONET, etc.

The networks 106 and/or 108 can be any collection of distinct networksoperating wholly or partially in conjunction to provide connectivity tothe client devices 102 and the host server 100 and may appear as one ormore networks to the serviced systems and devices. In one embodiment,communications to and from the client devices 102 can be achieved by, anopen network, such as the Internet, or a private network, such as anintranet and/or the extranet. In one embodiment, communications can beachieved by a secure communications protocol, such as secure socketslayer (SSL), or transport layer security (TLS).

In addition, communications can be achieved via one or more networks,such as, but are not limited to, one or more of WiMAX, a Local AreaNetwork (LAN), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), a Personal areanetwork (PAN), a Campus area network (CAN), a Metropolitan area network(MAN), a Wide area network (WAN), a Wireless wide area network (WWAN),enabled with technologies such as, by way of example, Global System forMobile Communications (GSM), Personal Communications Service (PCS),Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service (D-Amps), Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, FixedWireless Data, 2G, 2.5G, 3G, 4G, IMT-Advanced, pre-4G, 3G LTE, 3GPP LTE,LTE Advanced, mobile WiMAX, WiMAX 2, WirelessMAN-Advanced networks,enhanced data rates for GSM evolution (EDGE), General packet radioservice (GPRS), enhanced GPRS, iBurst, UMTS, HSPDA, HSUPA, HSPA,UMTS-TDD, 1×RTT, EV-DO, messaging protocols such as, TCP/IP, SMS, MMS,extensible messaging and presence protocol (XMPP), real time messagingprotocol (RTMP), instant messaging and presence protocol (IMPP), instantmessaging, USSD, IRC, or any other wireless data networks or messagingprotocols.

FIG. 1B illustrates an example diagram of a proxy and cache systemdistributed between the host server 100 and device 150 which facilitatesnetwork traffic management between the device 150 and an applicationserver/content provider 100 (e.g., a source server) for resourceconservation.

The distributed proxy and cache system can include, for example, theproxy server 125 (e.g., remote proxy) and the server cache, 135components on the server side. The server-side proxy 125 and cache 135can, as illustrated, reside internal to the host server 100. Inaddition, the proxy server 125 and cache 135 on the server-side can bepartially or wholly external to the host server 100 and in communicationvia one or more of the networks 106 and 108. For example, the proxyserver 125 may be external to the host server and the server cache 135may be maintained at the host server 100. Alternatively, the proxyserver 125 may be within the host server 100 while the server cache isexternal to the host server 100. In addition, each of the proxy server125 and the cache 135 may be partially internal to the host server 100and partially external to the host server 100.

The distributed system can also, include, in one embodiment, client-sidecomponents, including by way of example but not limitation, a localproxy 175 (e.g., a mobile client on a mobile device) and/or a localcache 185, which can, as illustrated, reside internal to the device 150(e.g., a mobile device).

In addition, the client-side proxy 175 and local cache 185 can bepartially or wholly external to the device 150 and in communication viaone or more of the networks 106 and 108. For example, the local proxy175 may be external to the device 150 and the local cache 185 may bemaintained at the device 150. Alternatively, the local proxy 175 may bewithin the device 150 while the local cache 185 is external to thedevice 150. In addition, each of the proxy 175 and the cache 185 may bepartially internal to the host server 100 and partially external to thehost server 100.

In one embodiment, the distributed system can include an optionalcaching proxy server 199. The caching proxy server 199 can be acomponent which is operated by the application server/content provider110, the host server 100, or a network service provider 112, and or anycombination of the above to facilitate network traffic management fornetwork and device resource conservation. Proxy server 199 can be used,for example, for caching content to be provided to the device 150, forexample, from one or more of, the application server/provider 110, hostserver 100, and/or a network service provider 112. Content caching canalso be entirely or partially performed by the remote proxy 125 tosatisfy application requests or other data requests at the device 150.

In context aware traffic management and optimization for resourceconservation in a network (e.g., cellular or other wireless networks),characteristics of user activity/behavior and/or application behavior ata mobile device 150 can be tracked by the local proxy 175 andcommunicated, over the network 106 to the proxy server 125 component inthe host server 100, for example, as connection metadata. The proxyserver 125 which in turn is coupled to the application server/provider110 provides content and data to satisfy requests made at the device150.

In addition, the local proxy 175 can identify and retrieve mobile deviceproperties including, one or more of, battery level, network that thedevice is registered on, radio state, whether the mobile device is beingused (e.g., interacted with by a user). In some instances, the localproxy 175 can delay, expedite (pre-fetch) and/or modify data prior totransmission to the proxy server 125, when appropriate, as will befurther detailed with references to the description associated with theexamples of FIGS. 2A-3B.

The local database 185 can be included in the local proxy 175 or coupledto the proxy 175 and can be queried for a locally stored response to thedata request prior to the data request being forwarded on to the proxyserver 125. Locally cached responses can be used by the local proxy 175to satisfy certain application requests of the mobile device 150, byretrieving cached content stored in the cache storage 185, when thecached content is still valid.

Similarly, the proxy server 125 of the host server 100 can also delay,expedite, or modify data from the local proxy prior to transmission tothe content sources (e.g., the app server/content provider 110). Inaddition, the proxy server 125 uses device properties and connectionmetadata to generate rules for satisfying request of applications on themobile device 150. The proxy server 125 can gather real time trafficinformation about requests of applications for later use in optimizingsimilar connections with the mobile device 150 or other mobile devices.

In general, the local proxy 175 and the proxy server 125 are transparentto the multiple applications executing on the mobile device. The localproxy 175 is generally transparent to the operating system or platformof the mobile device and may or may not be specific to devicemanufacturers. For example, the local proxy may be implemented withoutadding a TCP stack and thus act transparently to both the US and themobile applications. In some instances, the local proxy 175 isoptionally customizable in part or in whole to be device specific. Insome embodiments, the local proxy 175 may be bundled into a wirelessmodel, into a firewall, and/or a router.

In one embodiment, the host server 100 can in some instances, utilizethe store and forward functions of a short message service center (SMSC)112, such as that provided by the network service provider 112, incommunicating with the device 150 in achieving network trafficmanagement. As will be further described with reference to the examplesof FIG. 3A and/or FIG. 3B, the host server 100 can forward content orHTTP responses to the SMSC 112 such that it is automatically forwardedto the device 150 if available, and for subsequent forwarding if thedevice 150 is not currently available.

In general, the disclosed distributed proxy and cache system allowsoptimization of network usage, for example, by serving requests from thelocal cache 185, the local proxy 175 reduces the number of requests thatneed to be satisfied over the network 106. Further, the local proxy 175and the proxy server 125 may filter irrelevant data from thecommunicated data. In addition, the local proxy 175 and the proxy server125 can also accumulate low priority data and send it in batches toavoid the protocol overhead of sending individual data fragments. Thelocal proxy 175 and the proxy server 125 can also compress or transcodethe traffic, reducing the amount of data sent over the network 106and/or 108. The signaling traffic in the network 106 and/or 108 can bereduced, as the networks are now used less often and the network trafficcan be synchronized among individual applications.

With respect to the battery life of the mobile device 150, by servingapplication or content requests from the local cache 185, the localproxy 175 can reduce the number of times the radio module is powered up.The local proxy 175 and the proxy server 125 can work in conjunction toaccumulate low priority data and send it in batches to reduce the numberof times and/or amount of time when the radio is powered up. The localproxy 175 can synchronize the network use by performing the batched datatransfer for all connections simultaneously.

FIG. 2A depicts a block diagram illustrating an example of client-sidecomponents in a distributed proxy and cache system residing on a device250 that manages traffic in a wireless network for resourceconservation.

The device 250, which can be a portable or mobile device, such as aportable phone, generally includes, for example, a network interface208, an operating system 204, a context API 206, and mobile applicationswhich may be proxy unaware 210 or proxy aware 220. Note that the device250 is specifically illustrated in the example of FIG. 2A as a mobiledevice, such is not a limitation and that device 250 may be anyportable/mobile or non-portable device able to receive, transmit signalsto satisfy data requests over a network including wired or wirelessnetworks (e.g., Wi-Fi, cellular, Bluetooth, etc.).

The network interface 208 can be a networking module that enables thedevice 250 to mediate data in a network with an entity that is externalto the host server 250, through any known and/or convenientcommunications protocol supported by the host and the external entity.The network interface 208 can include one or more of a network adaptorcard, a wireless network interface card (e.g., SMS interface, Wi-Fiinterface, interfaces for various generations of mobile communicationstandards including but not limited to 1G, 2G, 3G, 3.5G, 4G, LTE, etc.),Bluetooth, a router, an access point, a wireless router, a switch, amultilayer switch, a protocol converter, a gateway, a bridge, bridgerouter, a hub, a digital media receiver, and/or a repeater.

Device 250 can further include, client-side components of thedistributed proxy and cache system which can include, a local proxy 275(e.g., a mobile client of a mobile device) and a cache 285. In oneembodiment, the local proxy 275 includes a user activity module 215, aproxy API 225, a request/transaction manager 235, a caching policymanager 245, a traffic shaping engine 255, and/or a connection manager265. The traffic shaping engine 255 may further include an alignmentmodule 256 and/or a batching module 257, the connection manager 265 mayfurther include a radio controller 266. The request/transaction manager235 can further include an application behavior detector 236 and/or aprioritization engine 241, the application behavior detector 236 mayfurther include a pattern detector 237 and/or and application profilegenerator 239. Additional or less components/modules/engines can beincluded in the local proxy 275 and each illustrated component.

As used herein, a “module,” “a manager,” a “handler,” a “detector,” an“interface,” or an “engine” includes a general purpose, dedicated orshared processor and, typically, firmware or software modules that areexecuted by the processor. Depending upon implementation-specific orother considerations, the module, manager, hander, or engine can becentralized or its functionality distributed. The module, manager,hander, or engine can include general or special purpose hardware,firmware, or software embodied in a computer-readable (storage) mediumfor execution by the processor. As used herein, a computer-readablemedium or computer-readable storage medium is intended to include allmediums that are statutory (e.g., in the United States, under 35 U.S.C.101), and to specifically exclude all mediums that are non-statutory innature to the extent that the exclusion is necessary for a claim thatincludes the computer-readable (storage) medium to be valid. Knownstatutory computer-readable mediums include hardware (e.g., registers,random access memory (RAM), non-volatile (NV) storage, to name a few),but may or may not be limited to hardware.

In one embodiment, a portion of the distributed proxy and cache systemfor network traffic management resides in or is in communication withdevice 250, including local proxy 275 (mobile client) and/or cache 285.The local proxy 275 can provide an interface on the device 250 for usersto access device applications and services including email, IM, voicemail, visual voicemail, feeds, Internet, other applications, etc.

The proxy 275 is generally application independent and can be used byapplications (e.g., both proxy aware and proxy-unaware mobileapplications 210 and 220) to open TCP connections to a remote server(e.g., the server 100 in the examples of FIGS. 1A-1B and/or server proxy125/325 shown in the examples of FIG. 1B and FIG. 3A). In someinstances, the local proxy 275 includes a proxy API 225 which can beoptionally used to interface with proxy-aware applications 220 (ormobile applications on a mobile device).

The applications 210 and 220 can generally include any user application,widgets, software, HTTP-based application, web browsers, video or othermultimedia streaming or downloading application, video games, socialnetwork applications, email clients, RSS management applications,application stores, document management applications, productivityenhancement applications, etc. The applications can be provided with thedevice OS, by the device manufacturer, by the network service provider,downloaded by the user, or provided by others.

One embodiment of the local proxy 275 includes or is coupled to acontext API 206, as shown. The context API 206 may be a part of theoperating system 204 or device platform or independent of the operatingsystem 204, as illustrated. The operating system 204 can include anyoperating system including but not limited to, any previous, current,and/or future versions/releases of, Windows Mobile, iOS, Android,Symbian, Palm OS, Brew MP, Java 2 Micro Edition (J2ME), Blackberry, etc.

The context API 206 may be a plug-in to the operating system 204 or aparticular client application on the device 250. The context API 206 candetect signals indicative of user or device activity, for example,sensing motion, gesture, device location, changes in device location,device backlight, keystrokes, clicks, activated touch screen, mouseclick or detection of other pointer devices. The context API 206 can becoupled to input devices or sensors on the device 250 to identify thesesignals. Such signals can generally include input received in responseto explicit user input at an input device/mechanism at the device 250and/or collected from ambient signals/contextual cues detected at or inthe vicinity of the device 250 (e.g., light, motion, piezoelectric,etc.).

In one embodiment, the user activity module 215 interacts with thecontext API 206 to identify, determine, infer, detect, compute, predict,and/or anticipate, characteristics of user activity on the device 250.Various inputs collected by the context API 206 can be aggregated by theuser activity module 215 to generate a profile for characteristics ofuser activity. Such a profile can be generated by the module 215 withvarious temporal characteristics. For instance, user activity profilecan be generated in real-time for a given instant to provide a view ofwhat the user is doing or not doing at a given time (e.g., defined by atime window, in the last minute, in the last 30 seconds, etc.), a useractivity profile can also be generated for a ‘session’ defined by anapplication or web page that describes the characteristics of userbehavior with respect to a specific task they are engaged in on thedevice 250, or for a specific time period (e.g., for the last 2 hours,for the last 5 hours).

Additionally, characteristic profiles can be generated by the useractivity module 215 to depict a historical trend for user activity andbehavior (e.g., 1 week, 1 mo, 2 mo, etc.). Such historical profiles canalso be used to deduce trends of user behavior, for example, accessfrequency at different times of day, trends for certain days of the week(weekends or week days), user activity trends based on location data(e.g., IP address, GPS, or cell tower coordinate data) or changes inlocation data (e.g., user activity based on user location, or useractivity based on whether the user is on the go, or traveling outside ahome region, etc.) to obtain user activity characteristics.

In one embodiment, user activity module 215 can detect and track useractivity with respect to applications, documents, files, windows, icons,and folders on the device 250. For example, the user activity module 215can detect when an application or window (e.g., a web browser) has beenexited, closed, minimized, maximized, opened, moved into the foreground,or into the background, multimedia content playback, etc.

In one embodiment, characteristics of the user activity on the device250 can be used to locally adjust behavior of the device (e.g., mobiledevice) to optimize its resource consumption such as battery/powerconsumption and more generally, consumption of other device resourcesincluding memory, storage, and processing power. In one embodiment, theuse of a radio on a device can be adjusted based on characteristics ofuser behavior (e.g., by the radio controller 266 of the connectionmanager 265) coupled to the user activity module 215. For example, theradio controller 266 can turn the radio on or off, based oncharacteristics of the user activity on the device 250. In addition, theradio controller 266 can adjust the power mode of the radio (e.g., to bein a higher power mode or lower power mode) depending on characteristicsof user activity.

In one embodiment, characteristics of the user activity on device 250can also be used to cause another device (e.g., other computers, amobile device, or a non-portable device) or server (e.g., host server100 and 300 in the examples of FIGS. 1A-1B and FIGS. 3A-3B) which cancommunicate (e.g., via a cellular or other network) with the device 250to modify its communication frequency with the device 250. The localproxy 275 can use the characteristics information of user behaviordetermined by the user activity module 215 to instruct the remote deviceas to how to modulate its communication frequency (e.g., decreasingcommunication frequency, such as data push frequency if the user isidle, requesting that the remote device notify the device 250 if newdata, changed data, different, data, or data of a certain level ofimportance becomes available, etc.).

In one embodiment, the user activity module 215 can, in response todetermining that user activity characteristics indicate that a user isactive after a period of inactivity, request that a remote device (e.g.,server host server 100 and 300 in the examples of FIGS. 1A-1B and FIGS.3A-3B) send the data that was buffered as a result of the previouslydecreased communication frequency.

In addition, or in alternative, the local proxy 275 can communicate thecharacteristics of user activity at the device 250 to the remote device(e.g., host server 100 and 300 in the examples of FIGS. 1A-B and FIGS.3A-3B) and the remote device determines how to alter its owncommunication frequency with the device 250 for network resourceconservation and conservation of device 250 resources.

One embodiment of the local proxy 275 further includes arequest/transaction manager 235, which can detect, identify, intercept,process, manage, data requests initiated on the device 250, for example,by applications 210 and/or 220, and/or directly/indirectly by a userrequest. The request/transaction manager 235 can determine how and whento process a given request or transaction, or a set ofrequests/transactions, based on transaction characteristics.

The request/transaction manager 235 can prioritize requests ortransactions made by applications and/or users at the device 250, forexample by the prioritization engine 241. Importance or priority ofrequests/transactions can be determined by the manager 235 by applying arule set, for example, according to time sensitivity of the transaction,time sensitivity of the content in the transaction, time criticality ofthe transaction, time criticality of the data transmitted in thetransaction, and/or time criticality or importance of an applicationmaking the request.

In addition, transaction characteristics can also depend on whether thetransaction was a result of user-interaction or other user initiatedaction on the device (e.g., user interaction with a mobile application).In general, a time critical transaction can include a transactionresulting from a user-initiated data transfer, and can be prioritized assuch. Transaction characteristics can also depend on the amount of datathat will be transferred or is anticipated to be transferred as a resultof the request/requested transaction. For example, the connectionmanager 265, can adjust the radio mode (e.g., high power or low powermode via the radio controller 266) based on the amount of data that willneed to be transferred.

In addition, the radio controller 266/connection manager 265 can adjustthe radio power mode (high or low) based on time criticality/sensitivityof the transaction. The radio controller 266 can trigger the use of highpower radio mode when a time-critical transaction (e.g., a transactionresulting from a user-initiated data transfer, an application running inthe foreground, any other event meeting a certain criteria) is initiatedor detected.

In general, the priorities can be determined or set by default, forexample, based on device platform, device manufacturer, operatingsystem, etc. Priorities can alternatively or in additionally be set bythe particular application; for example, the Facebook mobile applicationcan set its own priorities for various transactions (e.g., a statusupdate can be of higher priority than an add friend request or a pokerequest, a message send request can be of higher priority than a messagedelete request, for example), an email client or IM chat client may haveits own configurations for priority. The prioritization engine 241 mayinclude set of rules for assigning priority.

The prioritization engine 241 can also track network providerlimitations or specifications on application or transaction priority indetermining an overall priority status for a request/transaction.Furthermore, priority can in part or in whole be determined by userpreferences, either explicit or implicit. A user, can in general, setpriorities at different tiers, such as, specific priorities forsessions, or types, or applications (e.g., a browsing session, a gamingsession, versus an IM chat session, the user may set a gaming session toalways have higher priority than an IM chat session, which may havehigher priority than web-browsing session). A user can setapplication-specific priorities, (e.g., a user may set Facebook relatedtransactions to have a higher priority than LinkedIn relatedtransactions), for specific transaction types (e.g., for all sendmessage requests across all applications to have higher priority thanmessage delete requests, for all calendar-related events to have a highpriority, etc.), and/or for specific folders.

The prioritization engine 241 can track and resolve conflicts inpriorities set by different entities. For example, manual settingsspecified by the user may take precedence over device OS settings,network provider parameters/limitations (e.g., set in default for anetwork service area, geographic locale, set for a specific time of day,or set based on service/fee type) may limit any user-specified settingsand/or application-set priorities. In some instances, a manual syncrequest received from a user can override some, most, or all prioritysettings in that the requested synchronization is performed whenrequested, regardless of the individually assigned priority or anoverall priority ranking for the requested action.

Priority can be specified and tracked internally in any known and/orconvenient manner, including but not limited to, a binaryrepresentation, a multi-valued representation, a graded representationand all are considered to be within the scope of the disclosedtechnology.

TABLE I Change Change (initiated (initiated on device) Priority onserver) Priority Send email High Receive email High Delete email LowEdit email Often not possible to sync (Un)read email Low (Low ifpossible) Move message Low New email in deleted Low Read more High itemsDown load High Delete an email Low attachment (Un)Read an email Low NewCalendar event High Move messages Low Edit/change Calendar High Anycalendar change High event Any contact change High Add a contact HighWipe/lock device High Edit a contact High Settings change High Searchcontacts High Any folder change High Change a setting High Connectorrestart High (if no Manual send/receive High changes nothing is sent) IMstatus change Medium Social Network Medium Status Updates Auction outbidor High Severe Weather High change notification Alerts Weather UpdatesLow News Updates Low

Table I above shows, for illustration purposes, some examples oftransactions with examples of assigned priorities in a binaryrepresentation scheme. Additional assignments are possible foradditional types of events, requests, transactions, and as previouslydescribed, priority assignments can be made at more or less granularlevels, e.g., at the session level or at the application level, etc.

As shown by way of example in the above table, in general, lowerpriority requests/transactions can include, updating message status asbeing read, unread, deleting of messages, deletion of contacts; higherpriority requests/transactions, can in some instances include, statusupdates, new IM chat message, new email, calendar eventupdate/cancellation/deletion, an event in a mobile gaming session, orother entertainment related events, a purchase confirmation through aweb purchase or online, request to load additional or download content,contact book related events, a transaction to change a device setting,location-aware or location-based events/transactions, or any otherevents/request/transactions initiated by a user or where the user isknown to be, expected to be, or suspected to be waiting for a response,etc.

Inbox pruning events (e.g., email, or any other types of messages), aregenerally considered low priority and absent other impending events,generally will not trigger use of the radio on the device 250.Specifically, pruning events to remove old email or other content can be‘piggy backed’ with other communications if the radio is not otherwiseon, at the time of a scheduled pruning event. For example, if the userhas preferences set to ‘keep messages for 7 days old,’ then instead ofpowering on the device radio to initiate a message delete from thedevice 250 the moment that the message has exceeded 7 days old, themessage is deleted when the radio is powered on next. If the radio isalready on, then pruning may occur as regularly scheduled.

The request/transaction manager 235, can use the priorities for requests(e.g., by the prioritization engine 241) to manage outgoing traffic fromthe device 250 for resource optimization (e.g., to utilize the deviceradio more efficiently for battery conservation). For example,transactions/requests below a certain priority ranking may not triggeruse of the radio on the device 250 if the radio is not already switchedon, as controlled by the connection manager 265. In contrast, the radiocontroller 266 can turn on the radio such a request can be sent when arequest for a transaction is detected to be over a certain prioritylevel.

In one embodiment, priority assignments (such as that determined by thelocal proxy 275 or another device/entity) can be used cause a remotedevice to modify its communication with the frequency with the mobiledevice. For example, the remote device can be configured to sendnotifications to the device 250 when data of higher importance isavailable to be sent to the mobile device.

In one embodiment, transaction priority can be used in conjunction withcharacteristics of user activity in shaping or managing traffic, forexample, by the traffic shaping engine 255. For example, the trafficshaping engine 255 can, in response to detecting that a user is dormantor inactive, wait to send low priority transactions from the device 250,for a period of time. In addition, the traffic shaping engine 255 canallow multiple low priority transactions to accumulate for batchtransferring from the device 250 (e.g., via the batching module 257). Inone embodiment, the priorities can be set, configured, or readjusted bya user. For example, content depicted in Table I in the same or similarform can be accessible in a user interface on the device 250 and forexample, used by the user to adjust or view the priorities.

The batching module 257 can initiate batch transfer based on certaincriteria. For example, batch transfer (e.g., of multiple occurrences ofevents, some of which occurred at different instances in time) may occurafter a certain number of low priority events have been detected, orafter an amount of time elapsed after the first of the low priorityevent was initiated. In addition, the batching module 257 can initiatebatch transfer of the cumulated low priority events when a higherpriority event is initiated or detected at the device 250. Batchtransfer can otherwise be initiated when radio use is triggered foranother reason (e.g., to receive data from a remote device such as hostserver 100 or 300). In one embodiment, an impending pruning event(pruning of an inbox), or any other low priority events, can be executedwhen a batch transfer occurs.

In general, the batching capability can be disabled or enabled at theevent/transaction level, application level, or session level, based onany one or combination of the following: user configuration, devicelimitations/settings, manufacturer specification, network providerparameters/limitations, platform specific limitations/settings, deviceOS settings, etc. In one embodiment, batch transfer can be initiatedwhen an application/window/file is closed out, exited, or moved into thebackground; users can optionally be prompted before initiating a batchtransfer; users can also manually trigger batch transfers.

In one embodiment, the local proxy 275 locally adjusts radio use on thedevice 250 by caching data in the cache 285. When requests ortransactions from the device 250 can be satisfied by content stored inthe cache 285, the radio controller 266 need not activate the radio tosend the request to a remote entity (e.g., the host server 100, 300, asshown in FIGS. 1A-1B and FIGS. 3A-3B or a content provider/applicationserver such as the server/provider 110 shown in the examples of FIGS.1A-1B). As such, the local proxy 275 can use the local cache 285 and thecache policy manager 245 to locally store data for satisfying datarequests to eliminate or reduce the use of the device radio forconservation of network resources and device battery consumption.

In leveraging the local cache, once the request/transaction manager 225intercepts a data request by an application on the device 250, the localrepository 285 can be queried to determine if there is any locallystored response, and also determine whether the response is valid. Whena valid response is available in the local cache 285, the response canbe provided to the application on the device 250 without the device 250needing to access the cellular network.

If a valid response is not available, the local proxy 275 can query aremote proxy (e.g., the server proxy 325 of FIG. 3A) to determinewhether a remotely stored response is valid. If so, the remotely storedresponse (e.g., which may be stored on the server cache 135 or optionalcaching server 199 shown in the example of FIG. 1B) can be provided tothe mobile device, possibly without the mobile device 250 needing toaccess the cellular network, thus relieving consumption of networkresources.

If a valid cache response is not available, or if cache responses areunavailable for the intercepted data request, the local proxy 275, forexample, the caching policy manager 245, can send the data request to aremote proxy (e.g., server proxy 325 of FIG. 3A) which forwards the datarequest to a content source (e.g., application server/content provider110 of FIG. 1A) and a response from the content source can be providedthrough the remote proxy, as will be further described in thedescription associated with the example host server 300 of FIG. 3A. Thecache policy manager 245 can manage or process requests that use avariety of protocols, including but not limited to HTTP, HTTPS, IMAP,POP, SMTP and/or ActiveSync. The caching policy manager 245 can locallystore responses for data requests in the local database 285 as cacheentries, for subsequent use in satisfying same or similar data requests.

The manager 245 can request that the remote proxy monitor responses forthe data request, and the remote proxy can notify the device 250 when anunexpected response to the data request is detected. In such an event,the cache policy manager 245 can erase or replace the locally storedresponse(s) on the device 250 when notified of the unexpected response(e.g., new data, changed data, additional data, different response,etc.) to the data request. In one embodiment, the caching policy manager245 is able to detect or identify the protocol used for a specificrequest, including but not limited to HTTP, HTTPS, IMAP, POP, SMTPand/or ActiveSync. In one embodiment, application specific handlers(e.g., via the application protocol module 246 of the manager 245) onthe local proxy 275 allows for optimization of any protocol that can beport mapped to a handler in the distributed proxy (e.g., port mapped onthe proxy server 325 in the example of FIG. 3A).

In one embodiment, the local proxy 275 notifies the remote proxy suchthat the remote proxy can monitor responses received for the datarequest from the content source for changed results prior to returningthe result to the device 250, for example, when the data request to thecontent source has yielded same results to be returned to the mobiledevice. In general, the local proxy 275 can simulate application serverresponses for applications on the device 250, using locally cachedcontent. This can prevent utilization of the cellular network fortransactions where new/changed/different data is not available, thusfreeing up network resources and preventing network congestion.

In one embodiment, the local proxy 275 includes an application behaviordetector 236 to track, detect, observe, monitor, applications (e.g.,proxy aware and/or unaware applications 210 and 220) accessed orinstalled on the device 250. Application behaviors, or patterns indetected behaviors (e.g., via the pattern detector 237) of one or moreapplications accessed on the device 250 can be used by the local proxy275 to optimize traffic in a wireless network needed to satisfy the dataneeds of these applications.

For example, based on detected behavior of multiple applications, thetraffic shaping engine 255 can align content requests made by at leastsome of the applications over the network (wireless network) (e.g., viathe alignment module 256). The alignment module can delay or expeditesome earlier received requests to achieve alignment. When requests arealigned, the traffic shaping engine 255 can utilize the connectionmanager to poll over the network to satisfy application data requests.Content requests for multiple applications can be aligned based onbehavior patterns or rules/settings including, for example, contenttypes requested by the multiple applications (audio, video, text, etc.),mobile device parameters, and/or network parameters/traffic conditions,network service provider constraints/specifications, etc.

In one embodiment, the pattern detector 237 can detect recurrences inapplication requests made by the multiple applications, for example, bytracking patterns in application behavior. A tracked pattern caninclude, detecting that certain applications, as a background process,poll an application server regularly, at certain times of day, oncertain days of the week, periodically in a predictable fashion, with acertain frequency, with a certain frequency in response to a certaintype of event, in response to a certain type user query, frequency thatrequested content is the same, frequency with which a same request ismade, interval between requests, applications making a request, or anycombination of the above, for example.

Such recurrences can be used by traffic shaping engine 255 to offloadpolling of content from a content source (e.g., from an applicationserver/content provider 110 of FIGS. 1A-1B) that would result from theapplication requests that would be performed at the mobile device 250 tobe performed instead, by a proxy server (e.g., proxy server 125 of FIG.1B or proxy server 325 of FIG. 3A) remote from the device 250. Trafficengine 255 can decide to offload the polling when the recurrences matcha rule. For example, there are multiple occurrences or requests for thesame resource that have exactly the same content, or returned value, orbased on detection of repeatable time periods between requests andresponses such as a resource that is requested at specific times duringthe day. The offloading of the polling can decrease the amount ofbandwidth consumption needed by the mobile device 250 to establish awireless (cellular) connection with the content source for repetitivecontent polls.

As a result of the offloading of the polling, locally cached contentstored in the local cache 285 can be provided to satisfy data requestsat the device 250, when content change is not detected in the polling ofthe content sources. As such, when data has not changed, applicationdata needs can be satisfied without needing to enable radio use oroccupying cellular bandwidth in a wireless network. When data haschanged, or when data is different, and/or new data has been received,the remote entity to which polling is offloaded, can notify the device250. The remote entity may be the host server 300 as shown in theexample of FIG. 3A.

In one embodiment, the local proxy 275 can mitigate the need/use ofperiodic keep alive messages (heartbeat messages) to maintain TCP/IPconnections, which can consume significant amounts of power thus havingdetrimental impacts on mobile device battery life. The connectionmanager 265 in the local proxy (e.g., the heartbeat manager 267) candetect, identify, and intercept any or all heartbeat (keep-alive)messages being sent from applications.

The heartbeat manager 267 can prevent any or all of these heartbeatmessages from being sent over the cellular, or other network, andinstead rely on the server component of the distributed proxy system(e.g., shown in FIG. 1B) to generate the and send the heartbeat messagesto maintain a connection with the backend (e.g., app server/provider 110in the example of FIGS. 1A-1B).

The local proxy 275 generally represents any one or a portion of thefunctions described for the individual managers, modules, and/orengines. The local proxy 275 and device 250 can include additional orless components; more or less functions can be included, in whole or inpart, without deviating from the novel art of the disclosure.

FIG. 2B depicts a block diagram illustrating another example ofcomponents in the application behavior detector 236 and the trafficshaping engine 255 in the local proxy 275 on the client-side of thedistributed proxy system shown in the example of FIG. 2A.

In one embodiment, the pattern detector 237 of the application behaviordetector 236 further includes a correlation detector 238 and theapplication profile generator 239 further includes an application statusdetector 240.

The correlation detector 238, in one embodiment, can detect, determine,identify, compute, track, any correlations in the timing of datatransfer requests made by applications, agents, and/or widgets accessedvia (e.g., application streaming or accessed through a cloud) or runningon the device 250.

In general, correlation types include event-level correlations andapplication-level correlations, and can include system/application. Thecorrelation detector 238 can track and monitor system/applicationtriggered events and/or user-triggered events/transactions. In addition,the correlation detector 238 can identify or track correlations betweenevents for a given application or across different applications.

A correlation can be detected, for example, when a firstevent/transaction type of a first application triggers the initiation ofa second event/transaction type of the same application. The triggeringcan be detected by the correlation detector 238 through identifyingpatterns in the timing characteristics of such events occurring withinthe first application. For example, a correlation can include, anidentification of the ordering of the first and second event/transactiontypes (e.g., the second event type always occurs after the first eventtype). A correlation can also include, determining that the first andsecond event/transaction types occur within a timeframe of one another(e.g., the first event type occurs within a 10 ms time window of thesecond event type), etc.

A correlation can also be detected, for example, when a specific eventtype of one application triggers a specific event type of anotherapplication (or has a timing or ordering relationship thereof).Similarly, the correlation detector 238 can detect that operation of oneapplication (e.g., such as the launching of one application or any otheractivity) is related to the operation of another application. Forexample, the detector can determine that if one application is launched,the other application is also launched.

The detector can also detect that one application is always launchedwithin a certain time window of another application beinglaunched/accessed, or the activity status of one application is linkedto the application status of the activity status of another application(e.g., when one application moves into the foreground/background, theother application moves into the foreground/background, or when oneapplication becomes active/inactive, the other application also changesstate and becomes either active or inactive, etc.). Generally, suchevents/transactions detected and tracked for correlation can includesystem or application-initiated events, or user-triggered events (e.g.,including explicit user requests or implicit user requests).

In some instances, the correlation detector 238 uses user activitymodule 215 and can also detect application or application eventcorrelations in relation to and/or in conjunction with user activity.For example, the correlation detector 238 can determine that anoccurrence of a first event type frequently causes the user to performan action which triggers a second event (of the same application ordifferent application). While examples are described herein for twoevents and examples given for two applications, note that thecorrelation detector 238 can track, detect, and identify correlations inoccurrences of events/transactions, correlations for multiple events(e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, etc.) that can be detected and identified.

In general, the correlation detector 238 tracks the timingcharacteristics of requests made by applications to detect correlations.The correlations can be incorporated into an application's profile bythe profile generator 239.

In one embodiment, the profile generator includes an application statusdetector 240. The application status detector 240 can detect an activitystate of an application on the device 250. An activity state canindicate, by way of example but not limitation, whether a specificapplication is operating in the background or foreground on the mobiledevice 250, whether the application is active or inactive, whether theapplication is being interacted with (e.g., by a user, or anotherapplication or device). The activity state or status of an applicationon the device 250 can also be included in an application's profile(e.g., by the profile generator 239) along with any correlation withother events or applications and used for data request alignment.

For example, one embodiment of the alignment module 256 of the trafficshaping engine 255 which is able to use the application behavior (e.g.,as determined by the application behavior detector 236) of one ormultiple applications on a device 250 to align some of the contentrequests (e.g., aligned by the alignment module 256) made by the sameapplication or at least a portion the multiple applications from themobile device over the network. The application behaviors can beindicated in application profiles generated by the application profilegenerator 239, for example.

In some instances the content requests (made by the same application ordifferent applications) are aligned by delaying or expediting a time atwhich some of the content requests would occur without alignment and thetraffic shaping engine 256 can transfer the content requests that aredelayed or expedited in a single transfer operation over the network(cellular or other wireless network). The amount of time that a requestcan be delayed (time ‘D’) is generally determined (e.g., by the delaymodule 258) to optimize a number of content requests able to be alignedin the single transfer operation. Hence delay module 258 can utilize thecorrelations in event/transaction occurrences within an application oracross multiple applications as identified by the correlation detector238 in determining delay time for aligning multiple requests.

The delay time ‘D’ (e.g., refers to the time by which a request isexpedited or delayed) is generally determined based on applicationbehavior (e.g., as determined by the application behavior detector 236and/or indicated in an application profile). More specifically, the timethat is delayed in transfer of a given content request can be determinedbased on priority of a specific application (e.g., as determined by theprioritization engine 241 of the application behavior detector 236)making the given content request, or based on the priority of thespecific application relative to other applications on the mobile device250. In addition, the delay module 258 can determine delays in transferfurther based on, one or more of amount of data involved in the givencontent request, a nature of data involved in the given content request,usable lifetime of data to be transferred in the given content request,and/or network characteristics including available bandwidth or networklatency.

Thus in one example of a system level operation in aligning requests,the local proxy 275 of the device 250 detects a first data request madevia a first application and a second data request made via a secondapplication, or where first and second data requests are made by thesame application. The alignment module 256 of the traffic shaping engine255 in the local proxy 275 on the device 250 can delay the transfer ofthe first data transfer request made via the first application to theproxy server (e.g., proxy server 125 or 325 in the examples of FIG. 1Band FIG. 3A) until another data transfer request made via the secondapplication is detected by the local proxy 275 such that the transferthe first data transfer request and the second data transfer requestoccur in a single transfer operation over the network (thus needing toenable radio use only once, assuming that the radio was off on thedevice 250 when the first data request occurred).

The delay of the first data transfer request can be determined by thedelay module 258 and the decision can be made when, for example, thesecond application is of a higher priority relative to the firstapplication, or that the second application is running in theforeground, or that a user is interacting with the second applicationand the second data request is initiated in response to the userinteraction, or that the second application is more data intensive thanthe first application.

FIG. 2C depicts a block diagram illustrating another example of the useractivity module 215 having a prediction engine 216 in the local proxy275 on the client-side of the distributed proxy system shown in theexample of FIG. 2A.

As described in FIG. 2A, the user activity module 215 is able to detect,track, monitor, process, analyze, user activities at the mobile device250. The user activities can be used to determine user activitycharacteristics such as tracking user activity given the time of day orday of the week, tracking frequency of application use, tracking anorder with which new data is accessed or an order with whichapplications are accessed on the mobile device, etc. The activity module215 can generally detect, determine, track, analyze user actions todetermine characteristics for user actions, which can include habits,tendencies, or patterns.

The activity module 215 can identify a user's general behavior withrespect to using the device 250. For example, the activity module 215can determine that a user uses the device 250 more frequently duringcertain hours of the day, or days of the week; the module can determinethat the user 250 has a preference for calling vs. SMS based on time,day of week, etc; time/day-dependent preference for using certainapplications, types of applications, checking certain email accounts(e.g., if a user tends to check one email account more frequently duringthe week and another email account during the weekend),time/day-dependent frequency of checking certain applications (e.g., ifa user checks Facebook more often on weekends, or in the afternoonsduring weekdays compared to in the morning; if a user Tweets more atnight or in the day time; if a user uses Yelp mobile more on theweekends or on the weekdays, or during the daytime or night time); if auser tends to access, launch, check applications, accounts, services ina certain order (whether the ordering has time/day dependencies).

The user's behavior with respect to a particular application can bedetermined by the module 215. For example, the activity module 215 candetect, identify, analyze, or process a user's activities on a certainapplication, account, or service. The module 215 can, for instance,determine that the user tends to use certain features but not others ona certain application (e.g., a user tends to use Facebook Walls formessaging rather than private messaging), a user tends to communicatewith one individual via one service and another individual via anotherservice, etc.

In addition to time/day dependent preferences or time/day dependentfrequencies of use/access, the above actions may also includelocation-based dependencies, or location-based dependencies inconjunction with time/day based dependencies. For example, the activitymodule 215 can determine that a user uses Google maps when the device250 is detected to be on-the-go, or when the user is away from aspecific geo-location (e.g., home location or office location), etc. Theactivity module 215 can determine that the frequency with which a useruses certain applications or accounts changes with geo-location, and/orwhen the user is determined to be on-the-go, or traveling, etc.

In one embodiment, the user activity module 215 can detect, identify,and/or determining a user's quiet time (e.g., the user is sleeping orotherwise does not use the device 250 (e.g., or if the user isdriving/commuting), a time when the user turns off certain connections,closes out of certain applications, or does not check certainapplications, accounts, and/or services, etc.

Based on the tracked user behaviors, activities, habits, tendencies, theprediction engine 216 can use any of the information related to useractivity characteristics to predict user behavior, and use the predicteduser behavior to anticipate or predict future activity sessions at thedevice 250. Predicted activity sessions can be used to facilitate datatransfer to optimize network use and can have the advantage of alsoenhancing user experience with mobile applications/accounts.

For example, the prediction engine 216 can communicate any predictedactivity sessions or predicted user behavior to the proxy server 325 foruse in determining a timing with which to transfer impending data fromthe host server (e.g., server 300 of FIG. 3A) to the device 250. Forexample, the prediction engine 216 may, based on determined useractivities and past behavior, determine that the user typically accesseshis/her Outlook Enterprise email account at around 7:30 am most week daymornings. The prediction engine 216 can then generate a predictedactivity session for this email access event for use by the host serverto time when emails for the email account are transmitted to the device250.

For example, the server may not need to initiate a transaction to pushemails received between 3 am-7 am to the device 250 until around 7:15 orsome time before the predicted activity session since the user is notexpected to access it until around 7:30 am. This way, network resourcescan be conserved, as can power consumption of the device 250.

In some instances, the server can in addition to, or instead use thebehavior of a content provider/application server (e.g., theserver/provider 110 in the examples of FIG. 1A-1B with which the mobiledevice 250 interacts to satisfy content requests or needs of the device250) to determine an optimal timing with which to transfer data to themobile device, as will be further described in conjunction with theexample of FIG. 3B. The activity of the provider/server can be detectedand/or tracked through the server-side of the proxy system, as shown inthe example of FIG. 3B.

FIG. 3A depicts a block diagram illustrating an example of server-sidecomponents in a distributed proxy and cache system residing on a hostserver 300 that manages traffic in a wireless network for resourceconservation.

The host server 300 generally includes, for example, a network interface308 and/or one or more repositories 312, 314, 316. Note that server 300may be any portable/mobile or non-portable device, server, cluster ofcomputers and/or other types of processing units (e.g., any number of amachine shown in the example of FIG. 11) able to receive, transmitsignals to satisfy data requests over a network including any wired orwireless networks (e.g., Wi-Fi, cellular, Bluetooth, etc.).

The network interface 308 can include networking module(s) or devices(s)that enable the server 300 to mediate data in a network with an entitythat is external to the host server 300, through any known and/orconvenient communications protocol supported by the host and theexternal entity. Specifically, the network interface 308 allows theserver 308 to communicate with multiple devices including mobile phonedevices 350, and/or one or more application servers/content providers310.

The host server 300 can store information about connections (e.g.,network characteristics, conditions, types of connections, etc.) withdevices in the connection metadata repository 312. Additionally, anyinformation about third party application or content providers can alsobe stored in 312. The host server 300 can store information aboutdevices (e.g., hardware capability, properties, device settings, devicelanguage, network capability, manufacturer, device model, OS, OSversion, etc.) in the device information repository 314. Additionally,the host server 300 can store information about network providers andthe various network service areas in the network service providerrepository 316.

The communication enabled by 308 allows for simultaneous connections(e.g., including cellular connections) with devices 350 and/orconnections (e.g., including wired/wireless, HTTP, Internet connections,LAN, Wi-Fi, etc.) with content servers/providers 310, to manage thetraffic between devices 350 and content providers 310, for optimizingnetwork resource utilization and/or to conserver power (battery)consumption on the serviced devices 350. The host server 300 cancommunicate with mobile devices 350 serviced by different networkservice providers and/or in the same/different network service areas.The host server 300 can operate and is compatible with devices 350 withvarying types or levels of mobile capabilities, including by way ofexample but not limitation, 1G, 2G, 2G transitional (2.5G, 2.75G), 3G(IMT-2000), 3G transitional (3.5G, 3.75G, 3.9G), 4G (IMT-advanced), etc.

In general, the network interface 308 can include one or more of anetwork adaptor card, a wireless network interface card (e.g., SMSinterface, Wi-Fi interface, interfaces for various generations of mobilecommunication standards including but not limited to 1G, 2G, 3G, 3.5G,4G type networks such as LTE, WiMAX, etc.), Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or anyother network whether or not connected via a router, an access point, awireless router, a switch, a multilayer switch, a protocol converter, agateway, a bridge, bridge router, a hub, a digital media receiver,and/or a repeater.

The host server 300 can further include, server-side components of thedistributed proxy and cache system which can include, a proxy server 325and a server cache 335. In one embodiment, the server proxy 325 caninclude an HTTP access engine 345, a caching policy manager 355, a proxycontroller 365, a traffic shaping engine 375, a new data detector 386,and/or a connection manager 395.

The HTTP access engine 345 may further include a heartbeat manager 346,the proxy controller 365 may further include a data invalidator module366, the traffic shaping engine 375 may further include a controlprotocol 276 and a batching module 377. Additional or lesscomponents/modules/engines can be included in the proxy server 325 andeach illustrated component.

As used herein, a “module,” “a manager,” a “handler,” a “detector,” an“interface,” a “controller,” or an “engine” includes a general purpose,dedicated or shared processor and, typically, firmware or softwaremodules that are executed by the processor. Depending uponimplementation-specific or other considerations, the module, manager,handler, or engine can be centralized or its functionality distributed.The module, manager, handler, or engine can include general or specialpurpose hardware, firmware, or software embodied in a computer-readable(storage) medium for execution by the processor. As used herein, acomputer-readable medium or computer-readable storage medium is intendedto include all mediums that are statutory (e.g., in the United States,under 35 U.S.C. 101), and to specifically exclude all mediums that arenon-statutory in nature to the extent that the exclusion is necessaryfor a claim that includes the computer-readable (storage) medium to bevalid. Known statutory computer-readable mediums include hardware (e.g.,registers, random access memory (RAM), non-volatile (NV) storage, toname a few), but may or may not be limited to hardware.

In the example of a device (e.g., mobile device 350) making anapplication or content request to an app server or content provider 310,the request may be intercepted and routed to the proxy server 325, whichis coupled to the device 350 and the provider 310. Specifically, theproxy server is able to communicate with the local proxy (e.g., proxy175 and 275 of the examples of FIG. 1 and FIGS. 2A-2C respectively) ofthe device 350, the local proxy forwards the data request to the proxyserver 325 for, in some instances, further processing, and if needed,for transmission to the content server 310 for a response to the datarequest.

In such a configuration, the host 300, or the proxy server 325 in thehost server 300 can utilize intelligent information provided by thelocal proxy in adjusting its communication with the device in such amanner that optimizes use of network and device resources. For example,the proxy server 325 can identify characteristics of user activity onthe device 350 to modify its communication frequency. Thecharacteristics of user activity can be determined by, for example, theactivity/behavior awareness module 366 in the proxy controller 365, viainformation collected by the local proxy on the device 350.

In one embodiment, communication frequency can be controlled by theconnection manager 396 of the proxy server 325, for example, to adjustpush frequency of content or updates to the device 350. For instance,push frequency can be decreased by the connection manager 396 whencharacteristics of the user activity indicate that the user is inactive.In one embodiment, when the characteristics of the user activityindicate that the user is subsequently active after a period ofinactivity, the connection manager 396 can adjust the communicationfrequency with the device 350 to send data that was buffered as a resultof decreased communication frequency, to the device 350.

In addition, the proxy server 325 includes priority awareness of variousrequests, transactions, sessions, applications, and/or specific events.Such awareness can be determined by the local proxy on the device 350and provided to the proxy server 325. The priority awareness module 367of the proxy server 325 can generally assess the priority (e.g.,including time-criticality, time-sensitivity, etc.) of various events orapplications; additionally, the priority awareness module 367 can trackpriorities determined by local proxies of devices 350.

In one embodiment, through priority awareness, the connection manager395 can further modify communication frequency (e.g., use or radio ascontrolled by the radio controller 396) of the server 300 with thedevices 350. For example, the server 300 can notify the device 350, thusrequesting use of the radio if it is not already in use, when data orupdates of an importance/priority level which meets a criteria becomesavailable to be sent.

In one embodiment, the proxy server 325 can detect multiple occurrencesof events (e.g., transactions, content, data received fromserver/provider 310) and allow the events to accumulate for batchtransfer to device 350. Batch transfer can be cumulated and transfer ofevents can be delayed based on priority awareness and/or useractivity/application behavior awareness, as tracked by modules 366and/or 367. For example, batch transfer of multiple events (of a lowerpriority) to the device 350 can be initiated by the batching module 377when an event of a higher priority (meeting a threshold or criteria) isdetected at the server 300. In addition, batch transfer from the server300 can be triggered when the server receives data from the device 350,indicating that the device radio is already in use and is thus on. Inone embodiment, the proxy server 324 can order the each messages/packetsin a batch for transmission based on event/transaction priority, suchthat higher priority content can be sent first, in case connection islost or the battery dies, etc.

In one embodiment, the server 300 caches data (e.g., as managed by thecaching policy manager 355) such that communication frequency over anetwork (e.g., cellular network) with the device 350 can be modified(e.g., decreased). The data can be cached, for example in the servercache 335, for subsequent retrieval or batch sending to the device 350to potentially decrease the need to turn on the device 350 radio. Theserver cache 335 can be partially or wholly internal to the host server300, although in the example of FIG. 3A, it is shown as being externalto the host 300. In some instances, the server cache 335 may be the sameas and/or integrated in part or in whole with another cache managed byanother entity (e.g., the optional caching proxy server 199 shown in theexample of FIG. 1B), such as being managed by an applicationserver/content provider 110, a network service provider, or anotherthird party.

In one embodiment, content caching is performed locally on the device350 with the assistance of host server 300. For example, proxy server325 in the host server 300 can query the application server/provider 310with requests and monitor changes in responses. When changed, differentor new responses are detected (e.g., by the new data detector 347), theproxy server 325 can notify the mobile device 350, such that the localproxy on the device 350 can make the decision to invalidate (e.g.,indicated as outdated) the relevant cache entries stored as anyresponses in its local cache. Alternatively, the data invalidator module368 can automatically instruct the local proxy of the device 350 toinvalidate certain cached data, based on received responses from theapplication server/provider 310. The cached data is marked as invalid,and can get replaced or deleted when new content is received from thecontent server 310.

Note that data change can be detected by the detector 347 in one or moreways. For example, the server/provider 310 can notify the host server300 upon a change. The change can also be detected at the host server300 in response to a direct poll of the source server/provider 310. Insome instances, the proxy server 325 can in addition, pre-load the localcache on the device 350 with the new/updated/changed/different data.This can be performed when the host server 300 detects that the radio onthe mobile device is already in use, or when the server 300 hasadditional content/data to be sent to the device 350.

One or more the above mechanisms can be implemented simultaneously oradjusted/configured based on application (e.g., different policies fordifferent servers/providers 310). In some instances, the sourceprovider/server 310 may notify the host 300 for certain types of events(e.g., events meeting a priority threshold level). In addition, theprovider/server 310 may be configured to notify the host 300 at specifictime intervals, regardless of event priority.

In one embodiment, the proxy server 325 of the host 300 canmonitor/track responses received for the data request from the contentsource for changed results prior to returning the result to the mobiledevice, such monitoring may be suitable when data request to the contentsource has yielded same results to be returned to the mobile device,thus preventing network/power consumption from being used when nonew/changes are made to a particular requested. The local proxy of thedevice 350 can instruct the proxy server 325 to perform such monitoringor the proxy server 325 can automatically initiate such a process uponreceiving a certain number of the same responses (e.g., or a number ofthe same responses in a period of time) for a particular request.

In one embodiment, the server 300, for example, through theactivity/behavior awareness module 366, is able to identify or detectuser activity, at a device that is separate from the mobile device 350.For example, the module 366 may detect that a user's message inbox(e.g., email or types of inbox) is being accessed. This can indicatethat the user is interacting with his/her application using a deviceother than the mobile device 350 and may not need frequent updates, ifat all.

The server 300, in this instance, can thus decrease the frequency withwhich new, different, changed, or updated content is sent to the mobiledevice 350, or eliminate all communication for as long as the user isdetected to be using another device for access. Such frequency decreasemay be application specific (e.g., for the application with which theuser is interacting with on another device), or it may be a generalfrequency decrease (e.g., since the user is detected to be interactingwith one server or one application via another device, he/she could alsouse it to access other services) to the mobile device 350.

In one embodiment, the host server 300 is able to poll content sources310 on behalf of devices 350 to conserve power or battery consumption ondevices 350. For example, certain applications on the mobile device 350can poll its respective server 310 in a predictable recurring fashion.Such recurrence or other types of application behaviors can be trackedby the activity/behavior module 366 in the proxy controller 365. Thehost server 300 can thus poll content sources 310 for applications onthe mobile device 350, that would otherwise be performed by the device350 through a wireless (e.g., including cellular connectivity). The hostserver can poll the sources 310 for new, different, updated, or changeddata by way of the HTTP access engine 345 to establish HTTP connectionor by way of radio controller 396 to connect to the source 310 over thecellular network. When new, different, updated, or changed data isdetected, the new data detector can notify the device 350 that such datais available and/or provide the new/changed data to the device 350.

In one embodiment, the connection manager 395 determines that the mobiledevice 350 is unavailable (e.g., the radio is turned off) and utilizesSMS to transmit content to the device 350, for instance via the SMSCshown in the example of FIG. 1B. SMS may be used to transmitinvalidation messages, batches of invalidation messages, or even contentin the case the content is small enough to fit into just a few (usuallyone or two) SMS messages. This avoids the need to access the radiochannel to send overhead information. The host server 300 can use SMSfor certain transactions or responses having a priority level above athreshold or otherwise meeting a criteria. The server 300 can alsoutilize SMS as an out-of-band trigger to maintain or wake-up an IPconnection as an alternative to maintaining an always-on IP connection.

In one embodiment, the connection manager 395 in the proxy server 325(e.g., the heartbeat manager 398) can generate and/or transmit heartbeatmessages on behalf of connected devices 350, to maintain a backendconnection with a provider 310 for applications running on devices 350.

For example, in the distributed proxy system, local cache on the device350 can prevent any or all heartbeat messages needed to maintain TCP/IPconnections required for applications, from being sent over thecellular, or other network, and instead rely on the proxy server 325 onthe host server 300 to generate and/or send the heartbeat messages tomaintain a connection with the backend (e.g., app server/provider 110 inthe example of FIGS. 1A-1B). The proxy server can generate thekeep-alive (heartbeat) messages independent of the operations of thelocal proxy on the mobile device.

The repositories 312, 314, and/or 316 can additionally store software,descriptive data, images, system information, drivers, and/or any otherdata item utilized by other components of the host server 300 and/or anyother servers for operation. The repositories may be managed by adatabase management system (DBMS), for example but not limited to,Oracle, DB2, Microsoft Access, Microsoft SQL Server, PostgreSQL, MySQL,FileMaker, etc.

The repositories can be implemented via object-oriented technologyand/or via text files, and can be managed by a distributed databasemanagement system, an object-oriented database management system(OODBMS) (e.g., ConceptBase, FastDB Main Memory Database ManagementSystem, JDOInstruments, ObjectDB, etc.), an object-relational databasemanagement system (ORDBMS) (e.g., Informix, OpenLink Virtuoso, VMDS,etc.), a file system, and/or any other convenient or known databasemanagement package.

FIG. 3B depicts a block diagram illustrating another example of theserver-side components of the distributed proxy system shown in theexample of FIG. 3A as further including a user experience (UE)enhancement engine 385 and with the traffic shaping engine 375 furtherincluding a delay module 378.

The UE enhancement engine 385 may further include an activity predictionengine 386 having a server activity tracker 387, a contextual datatracker 389 and/or a pre-caching engine 390.

The server activity tracker 387 can track the activity or behavior of aserver (application server/content provider 110 in the examples of FIG.1A-1B) for use in predicting data activity at the app server/contentprovider. The activity/behavior determined by the activity tracker canbe used, for example, by the traffic shaping engine 375 in determining atiming with which data received from the server is to be transmitted toa mobile device. In general, the server is a host (e.g., Facebookserver, email server, RSS service, any other web services, etc.) withwhich the mobile device interacts to satisfy content requests/needs.

In general, server activity/behavior can include any action or activitydetected on the server for servicing content requests made by anassociated application, service, or account on a device (e.g., device250 in the example of FIG. 2A). Server activity can include, forexample, amount of impending data to be transferred to the mobiledevice, last-accessed time or a frequency of access, etc.

Determined or detected server activity can be used in determining atiming with which to transfer impending data from the host server. Forexample, if the activity tracker 387 detects that a recent data transferwas made from the Facebook server to the device, the traffic shapingengine 375, may delay the time (e.g., via the delay module 378) withwhich the next data transfer is to be made, for example, based onpredicted future activity session. Alternatively, in response todetermining that a large amount of data is impending at the host to besent to the mobile device, the traffic shaping engine 375 may decide toinitiate a transfer without delay or with minimal delay.

One embodiment of the activity prediction engine 386 further includes acontextual data tracker 389 to detect contextual data for use in theanticipation of future activity session(s). Contextual data can be usedalone or in conjunction with server activity by the prediction engine386 in anticipating future activity sessions (e.g., future activity,future data events/transactions at a content host/app server/provider).

Contextual data can include, for example, location changes or motion ofa mobile device, states or statuses of applications on the mobile device(e.g., if the application is active or inactive, running in theforeground or background, if a user is actively interacting with theapplication or if background maintenance processes are running, etc.).Contextual data can be determined from one or more hardware sensors on adevice, for example, device backlight, a device electronic compass,motion sensor, tilt sensor, light sensor, gesture sensor, input detector(keyboard, mouse, touch screen), proximity sensor, capacitive sensor,resistive sensor, image detector, a camera, GPS receiver, etc.

In one embodiment, the traffic shaping engine 375 can categorize theactivity that is being processed by the host server 300 since the lastuser activity session. Predicted or anticipated activity sessions whichcan be generated by the activity prediction engine 386 can include:

1) A list of URLs representing application servers/content providers(e.g., the provider/server 110 of FIGS. 1A-1B);

2) For each URL, a count of impending data that is available to the userfor that URL to be transmitted to the device;

3) For each URL, a last-accessed time and/or a frequency of access.

Once created, the traffic shaping engine 375 can prioritize the appservers/content providers (or the representing URLs) based on lastaccessed time, frequency, impending data count, or other criteria toform a prioritized list of host URL targets. This predicted oranticipated activity session may form the basis for predicting whether asubsequent mobile device data request will activate the session (i.e.,turn the predicted activity session into an activity session).

The predicted activity session can be used by the traffic shaping engine375 to determining a timing with which to transfer impending data fromthe host server to the mobile device to support predicted data activityfor the future activity session. In one embodiment, transfer of theimpending content is performed over a multiplexed TCP connectionsupporting multiple HTTP sessions. In some instances, the impendingcontent is transferred from the host server the mobile device topre-cache content (e.g., by the pre-caching module 390) on the mobiledevice to support predicted data activity for the future activitysession. The pre-caching can enhance a user's experience since the datais provided to the user before it is actually requested (e.g., in thepredicted activity session).

FIG. 4A depicts a diagram showing how data requests from a mobile device450 to an application server/content provider 496 in a wireless networkcan be coordinated by a distributed proxy system 460 in a manner suchthat network and battery resources are conserved through using contentcaching and monitoring performed by the distributed proxy system 460.

In satisfying application or client requests on a mobile device 450without the distributed proxy system 460, the mobile device 450, or thesoftware widget executing on the device 450 performs a data request 402(e.g., an HTTP GET, POST, or other request) directly to the applicationserver 495 and receives a response 404 directly from the server/provider495. If the data has been updated, the widget on the mobile device 450can refreshes itself to reflect the update and waits for small period oftime and initiates another data request to the server/provider 495.

In one embodiment, the requesting client or software widget 455 on thedevice 450 can utilize the distributed proxy system 460 in handling thedata request made to server/provider 495. In general, the distributedproxy system 460 can include a local proxy 465 (which is typicallyconsidered a client-side component of the system 460 and can reside onthe mobile device 450), a caching proxy (475, considered a server-sidecomponent 470 of the system 460 and can reside on the host server 485 orbe wholly or partially external to the host server 485), a host server485. The local proxy 465 can be connected to the proxy 475 and hostserver 485 via any network or combination of networks.

When the distributed proxy system 460 is used for data/applicationrequests, the widget 455 can perform the data request 406 via the localproxy 465. The local proxy 465, can intercept the requests made bydevice applications, and can identify the connection type of the request(e.g., an HTTP get request or other types of requests). The local proxy465 can then query the local cache for any previous information aboutthe request (e.g., to determine whether a locally stored response isavailable and/or still valid). If a locally stored response is notavailable or if there is an invalid response stored, the local proxy 465can update or store information about the request, the time it was made,and any additional data, in the local cache. The information can beupdated for use in potentially satisfying subsequent requests.

The local proxy 465 can then send the request to the host server 485 andthe server 485 can perform the request 406 and returns the results inresponse 408. The local proxy 465 can store the result and in addition,information about the result and returns the result to the requestingwidget 455.

In one embodiment, if the same request has occurred multiple times(within a certain time period) and it has often yielded same results,the local proxy 465 can notify 410 the server 485 that the requestshould be monitored (e.g., steps 412 and 414) for result changes priorto returning a result to the local proxy 465 or requesting widget 455.

In one embodiment, if a request is marked for monitoring, the localproxy 465 can now store the results into the local cache. Now, when thedata request 416, for which a locally response is available, is made bythe widget 455 and intercepted at the local proxy 465, the proxy 465 canreturn the response 418 from the local cache without needing toestablish a connection communication over the wireless network. In oneembodiment, the response is stored at the server proxy in the servercache for subsequent use in satisfying same or similar data requests.The response can be stored in lieu of or in addition to storage on thelocal cache on the mobile device.

In addition, the server proxy performs the requests marked formonitoring 420 to determine whether the response 422 for the givenrequest has changed. In general, the host server 485 can perform thismonitoring independently of the widget 455 or local proxy 465operations. Whenever an unexpected response 422 is received for arequest, the server 485 can notify the local proxy 465 that the responsehas changed (e.g., the invalidate notification in step 424) and that thelocally stored response on the client should be erased or replaced witha new (e.g., changed or different) response.

In this case, a subsequent data request 426 by the widget 455 from thedevice 450 results in the data being returned from host server 485(e.g., via the caching proxy 475). Thus, through utilizing thedistributed proxy system 460 the wireless (cellular) network isintelligently used when the content/data for the widget or softwareapplication 455 on the mobile device 450 has actually changed. As such,the traffic needed to check for the changes to application data is notperformed over the wireless (cellular) network. This reduces the amountof generated network traffic and shortens the total time and the numberof times the radio module is powered up on the mobile device 450, thusreducing battery consumption, and in addition, frees up networkbandwidth.

FIG. 4B depicts a timing diagram showing how data requests from a mobiledevice 450 to an application server/content provider 495 in a wirelessnetwork can be aligned at the local proxy 465 in the distributed proxysystem 460 to optimize network and radio use.

When a data request A 432 is detected at the local proxy 465 on themobile device 450, the local proxy 465 can determine that the radio onthe mobile device 450 is currently off and decide to wait to transferthe request A 432 over the network. When data request B 434 is detected,the proxy 465 can determine (e.g., based on conditions and/or processesillustrated in the flow charts in the examples of FIGS. 6A-10C) whetherto transfer the data request B 434 and/or whether also to transfer theimpending data request A 432.

In the example shown in FIG. 4B, the local proxy 465 does not transferdata requests A and B until data request C436 is detected at the device450 by the proxy 465. The time ‘D1’ 433 with which request A 432 andtime ‘D2’ 435 with which request B 434 are delayed, can be determined bythe local proxy 465 (e.g., as described in conjunction with the trafficshaping module and delay module in the example of FIG. 2B). The radiocan be turned on when request C 436 is received and data transfers forrequests A, B, and C 438 can be aligned at this point to be transferredto the host server 480 on the server-side 470 of the distributed proxy460 which can forward the request to the server/provider 495,immediately in transfer 440, or possibly with some delay, in transfer442. Note that the data requests A, B, and C can all originate from thesame application or different applications on the mobile device 450.

FIG. 5 depicts a diagram showing one example process for implementing ahybrid IP and SMS power saving mode on a mobile device 550 using adistributed proxy and cache system (e.g., such as the distributed systemshown in the example of FIG. 1B).

In step 502, the local proxy (e.g., proxy 175 in the example of FIG. 1B)monitors the device for user activity. When the user is determined to beactive, server push is active. For example, always-on-push IP connectioncan be maintained and if available, SMS triggers can be immediately sentto the mobile device 550 as it becomes available.

In process 504, after the user has been detected to be inactive or idleover a period of time (e.g., the example is shown for a period ofinactivity of 20 min.), the local proxy can adjust the device to go intothe power saving mode. In the power saving mode, when the local proxyreceives a message or a correspondence from a remote proxy (e.g., theserver proxy 135 in the example of FIG. 1B) on the server-side of thedistributed proxy and cache system, the local proxy can respond with acall indicating that the device 550 is currently in power save mode(e.g., via a power save remote procedure call). In some instances, thelocal proxy take the opportunity to notify multiple accounts orproviders (e.g., 510A, and 510B) of the current power save status (e.g.,timed to use the same radio power-on event).

In one embodiment, the response from the local proxy can include a time(e.g., the power save period) indicating to the remote proxy (e.g.,server proxy 135) and/or the app server/providers 510A/B when the device550 is next able to receive changes or additional data. A default powersavings period can be set by the local proxy. Consecutive power savingperiods can increase in duration. For example, if a first power savingperiod has elapsed without an activity occurring, the device 550 cancontinue into a second power saving mode with a longer time period(e.g., see periods one 503 and period two 505). In general, any activityon the device takes the client out of power saving mode and ends thatparticular power save event.

In one embodiment, if new, change, or different data or event isreceived before the end of any one power saving period, then the waitperiod communicated to the servers 510A/B can be the existing period,rather than an incremented time period. For example, in step 506, sincenew content was received during the power saving mode, the next waitperiod communicated in step 508 to servers 510A/B may again be the sametime saving period. In response, the remote proxy server, upon receiptof power save notification from the device 550, can stop sending changes(data or SMSs) for the period of time requested (the wait period). Atthe end of the wait period, any notifications received can be acted uponand changes sent to the device 550, for example, as a single batchedevent or as individual events. If no notifications come in, then truepush can be resumed with the data or an SMS being sent immediately tothe device 550. To optimize batch sending content to the mobile device550, the proxy server can start the poll or data collect event earlier(before the end of a power save period) in order to increase the chancethat the client will receive data at the next radio power on event.

In one embodiment, whenever new data or content comes into the device550 while it is in a power saving mode, it can respond with the powersaving remote procedure call to all end points currently registered(e.g., server/providers 510A/B). Note that the wait period can beupdated in operation in real time to accommodate operating conditions.For example, as the mobile device 550 sends additional power savingcalls (e.g., with updated wait times) if multiple servers 510A/B orothers, respond to the end of a wait period with different delays, thelocal proxy can adjust the wait period on the fly to accommodate thedifferent delays.

Detection of user activity 512 at the device 550 causes the power savemode to be exited. When the device 550 exits power save mode, it cansend power save cancel call to the proxy server and immediately receivesany changes associated with any pending notifications. This may requirea poll to be run by the proxy server after receiving the power savingcancel call. If the latest power saving period has expired, then nopower save cancel call may be needed as the proxy server will already bein traditional push operation mode.

In one embodiment, power save mode is not applied when the device 550 isplugged into a charger. This setting can be reconfigured or adjusted bythe user or another party. In general, the power save mode can be turnedon and off, for example, by the user via a user interface on device 550.In general, timing of power events to receive data can be synced withany power save calls to optimize radio use.

FIG. 6A depicts a flow chart illustrating example processes throughwhich context awareness is used for traffic management.

In process 602A, characteristics of user activity on the mobile deviceare detected. In process 604A, behavior of the mobile device is adjustedto optimize battery consumption on the mobile device. The adjustment ofthe behavior of the mobile device can include, for example, adjustingthe use of radio on the mobile device, as in process 606A. In addition,in process 608A, the radio can be switched on/off. Further, the radiocan also be placed in low power or high power radio mode in process612A.

In addition, data can be cached at the mobile device in process 610A toadjust radio use. Data may also be cached at the server in wirelesscommunication with the mobile device to in order to modify communicationfrequency with the mobile device. In one embodiment, in response todetection of user activities on the mobile device, the characteristicsof the user activity can be communicated from the mobile device to theserver, in process 614A.

Similarly, based on the user activity characteristics, communicationfrequency of a server with the mobile device can be adjusted in process616A. For example, data push frequency from the server to the mobiledevice is decreased, in process 618A. Similarly, data can be cached atthe server in process 620A to adjust communication frequency.

In addition, characteristics of transactions occurring at the mobiledevice can also be used to locally adjust radio use on the mobiledevice. For example, characteristics of transactions include timecriticality of the transactions and that a low power radio mode or ahigh power radio mode can be selected for use on the mobile device basedon the time criticality of the transactions. Additionally, a low powerradio mode or a high power radio mode is selected for use on the mobiledevice based on amount of data to be transferred in the transactions.

FIG. 6B depicts a flow chart illustrating example processes throughwhich application behavior on a mobile device is used for trafficoptimization.

In process 602B, application behavior of multiple applications accessedon a mobile device is detected. Using application behavior, thedistributed proxy system can implement one or more of several processesfor optimizing traffic.

For example, beginning in process 604B, content requests for the atleast some of the multiple applications are aligned and polling can beperformed over the wireless network in accordance with the alignment tosatisfy data requests of the multiple applications, in process 606B. Inone embodiment, content requests for some of the multiple applicationscan be aligned based on content types requested by the multipleapplications. For example, content requests from different applicationsrequesting RSS feeds can be aligned. In addition, content requests fromdifferent applications requesting content from the same sources may bealigned (e.g., a social networking application and a web page may bothbe requesting media content from an online video streaming site such asYoutube). In another example, multiple Facebook applications on onedevice (one from OEM, one from marketplace) that both poll for samedata.

In addition, content requests can be aligned based on user's explicitand/or implicit preferences, user settings, mobile deviceparameters/parameters, and/or network parameters (e.g., network serviceprovider specifications or limitations, etc.) or conditions (e.g.,traffic, congestion, network outage, etc.). For example, when congestionis detected in a user's network service area, content requests can bealigned for the network is less congested. For example, when user isinactive, or when the battery is low, alignment may be performed moreaggressively.

In some instances, the polling can be performed by the proxy server onbehalf of multiple devices and can thus detect requests for polls fromthe same content source from multiple devices. The proxy server, canalign such requests occurring around the same time (e.g., within aspecific time period) for multiple devices and perform a poll of thesource to satisfy the data needs of the multiple mobile devices. Forexample, during the Superbowl, the proxy server can detect a largernumber of requests to poll ESPN.com or NFL.com for live score updatesfor the game. The proxy server can poll the content source once for acurrent score and provide the updates to each of the mobile devices thathave applications which have (within a time period) requested polls forscore updates.

In another example, beginning in process 608B, recurrences inapplication requests made by the multiple applications are detected.Recurrences of application behavior can be identified by, for example,tracking patterns in application behavior.

Using the recurrences, polling of content sources as a result of theapplication requests that would be performed at the mobile device cannow be offloaded, to be performed instead, for example, by a proxyserver remote from the mobile device in the wireless network, in process610B. The application behavior can be tracked by, for example, a localproxy on the mobile device and communicated to the proxy server asconnection metadata, for use in polling the content sources. The localproxy can delays or modifies data prior to transmission to the proxyserve and can additionally identify and retrieve mobile deviceproperties including, one or more of, battery level, network that thedevice is registered on, radio state, whether the mobile device is beingused. The offloading to the proxy server can be performed, for example,when the recurrences match a rule or criteria. In addition, the proxyserver and/or the local proxy can delay the delivery of a responsereceived from a content source and/or perform additional modification,etc. For example, the local proxy can delay the presentation of theresponse via the mobile device to the user, in some instances.

Patterns of behavior can include, one or more of, by way of example butnot limitation, frequency that requested content is the same, frequencywith which a same request is made, interval between requests,applications making a request, frequency of requests at certain times ofday, day of week. In addition, multi-application traffic patterns canalso be detected and tracked.

In process 612B, the proxy server can notify the mobile device whencontent change is detected in response to the polling of the contentsources. In one embodiment, cached content, when available, can beprovided to satisfy application requests when content change is notdetected in the polling of the content sources. For example, the localproxy can include a local cache and can satisfy application requests onthe mobile device using cached content stored in the local cache. In oneembodiment, the decision to use cached content versus requesting datafrom the content source is determined based on the patterns inapplication behavior. In addition, an application profile can begenerated, using the application behavior of the multiple applications,in process 614B.

FIG. 7A depicts a flow chart illustrating an example process formanaging traffic in a wireless network based on user interaction with amobile device.

In process 702A, it is determined if the user actively interacting withthe mobile device. If the user is actively interacting with the mobiledevice, the mobile device 714A can be notified, as in process 714A, ofnew data or changes in data.

If not, in process 704A, device can wait to send low prioritytransactions until after the user activity has been dormant for a periodof time, for example, low priority transactions include, one or more of,updating message status as being read, unread, and deleting of messages.In addition, low priority transactions can be sent when a higherpriority transaction needs to be sent, thus utilizing the same radiopower-up event. Low priority transactions can generally includeapplication maintenance events, events not requested by a user, eventsscheduled to be in the future, such as, by way of example but notlimitation, one or more of, updating message status as being read,unread, and deleting of messages.

Similarly, if the user is not active, data push frequency from theserver can be decreased in process 706A. In process 708A, if the user isdetected to be subsequently active after being inactive, then databuffered as a result of decreased communication frequency can be sent tothe mobile device, in process 710A.

Alternatively, even if the user is not actively interacting with themobile device, an assessment can be made as to whether high importancedata (e.g., data importance or priority meeting a threshold level) ispending to be sent to the mobile device, in process 712A. If so, themobile device is notified, in process 714A. As a result of thenotification, the mobile device radio can be enabled such that the highimportance data can be sent to the mobile device. In general, theimportance of data can be determined based on one or more of severalcriteria including but not limited to, application to which the data isrelevant, time criticality, and time sensitivity, etc. An example of atime critical transaction includes a transaction resulting from auser-initiated data transfer.

FIG. 7B depicts a flow chart illustrating an example process for mobileapplication traffic optimization through data monitoring andcoordination in a distributed proxy and cache system.

In process 702B, a data request made by the mobile application on amobile device is intercepted. In process 704B, a local cache on themobile device is queried.

In process 706B, it is determined whether a locally stored validresponse exists (e.g., whether a locally stored response is availableand if so, if the stored response is still valid. If so, in process708B, the locally stored response to the mobile device without themobile device needing to access the cellular network

If not, a locally stored response is not available, or available butinvalid, one or more of several approaches may be taken to optimize thetraffic used in the wireless network for satisfying this request, aswill be described below.

In one example, in process 710B, the data request is sent to a remoteproxy which forwards the data request to a content source. In general,the remote proxy can delay or modify data from the local proxy prior totransmission to the content sources. In one embodiment, the proxy servercan use device properties and/or connection metadata to generate rulesfor satisfying request of applications on the mobile device. Inaddition, the proxy server can optionally gather real time trafficinformation about requests of applications for later use in optimizingsimilar connections with the mobile device or other mobile devices.

In process 712B, a response provided by the content source is receivedthrough the remote proxy. In one embodiment, the remote proxy cansimulate an application server authentication and querying a local cacheon the mobile device to retrieve connection information if available orneeded to connect to the content source. Upon authentication applicationserver responses for the mobile application can be simulated by theremote proxy on the mobile device for data requests where responses areavailable in the local cache.

In process 714B, the response is locally stored as cache entries in alocal repository on the mobile device. The local cache entries can bestored for subsequent use in satisfying same or similar data request.

In addition, in process 716B, data request to the content source isdetected to yielded same results to be returned to the mobile device(e.g., detected by the local proxy on the mobile device). In response tosuch detection, the remote proxy is notified to monitor responsesreceived for the data request from the content source for changedresults prior to returning the result to the mobile device. In oneembodiment, the local proxy can store the response as a cache entry inthe local cache for the data request when the remote proxy is notifiedto monitor the responses for the data request.

In process 722B, the remote proxy performs the data request identifiedfor monitoring and notifies the mobile device when an unexpectedresponse to the data request is detected. In process 724B. The locallystored response on the mobile device is erased or replaced when notifiedof the unexpected response to the data request.

In another example, when a locally stored response is not available orotherwise invalid, in process 718B, a remote proxy is queried for aremotely stored response. In process 720B, the remotely stored responseis provided to the mobile device without the mobile device needing toaccess the cellular network. In process 722B, the remote proxy performsthe data request identified for monitoring and notifies the mobiledevice when an unexpected response to the data request is detected. Inprocess 724B, the locally stored response on the mobile device is erasedor replaced when notified of the unexpected response to the datarequest.

FIG. 8A depicts a flow chart illustrating another example process formanaging traffic in a wireless network based on user interaction with amobile device.

In process 802A, user activity is detected at a device separate from amobile device. In process 804A, it is determined whether the useractivity at the device is able to access the same data, content, orapplication, which is also setup to be delivered to or accessed at themobile device. For example, user activity at the device separate fromthe mobile device can include user access of an email inbox or othertypes applications via an interface other than that accessed from themobile device (e.g., from a laptop or desktop computer). Since the useris now accessing the client from another device, the user now may notneed content to be updated as frequently on the mobile device. Thus, inprocess 806A, communication frequency from a server to the mobile deviceis decreased.

FIG. 8B depicts a flow chart illustrating an example process forpreventing applications from needing to send keep-alive messages tomaintain an IP connection with a content server.

In process 802B, applications attempting to send keep-alive messages toa content server are detected at a mobile device.

In process 804B, the keep-alive messages are intercepted and preventedfrom being sent from the mobile device over the wireless network to thecontent server. Since keep-alives are similar to any other (long-poll)requests—the content on the back end typically does not change and theproxy server can keep polling the content server.

In process 806B, the keep-alive messages are generated at a proxy serverremote from the mobile device and sent from the proxy server to thecontent server, in process 808B.

FIG. 9A depicts a flow chart illustrating an example process formanaging traffic initiated from a mobile device in a wireless networkthrough batching of event transfer based on event priority.

In process 902A, multiple occurrences of events having a first prioritytype initiated on the mobile device are detected.

In process 904A, the mobile device cumulates multiple occurrences ofevents having a first priority type initiated on the mobile device,before transfer over the wireless network. The first priority type canbe a generally low priority type indicating a request or update which isnot time critical or time sensitive. Thus, if the device radio iscurrently off, the radio may not be immediately turned on to transmitindividual events which are not time critical, until other triggeringevents occur or other criteria is met.

For example, in process 906A, occurrence of an event of a secondpriority type is detected, which can trigger batch transfer of thecumulated events to a server in wireless communication with the mobiledevice, in process 916A, where the second priority type is of a higherpriority than the first priority type.

In another example, in process 908A, data transfer from the server cantrigger the radio use on the mobile device, which can trigger batchtransfer of the cumulated events to a server in wireless communicationwith the mobile device, in process 916A. Alternatively, in process 910A,after a period of time elapses, batch transfer of the cumulated eventsto a server in wireless communication with the mobile device can betriggered, in process 916A.

In one embodiment, in process 912A, a user trigger (e.g., a manual syncrequest) or in response to a user prompt, batch transfer of thecumulated events to a server in wireless communication with the mobiledevice can be triggered, in process 916A. In process 914A, when it isdetected that an application is exited and/or moved into the background,batch transfer of the cumulated events to a server in wirelesscommunication with the mobile device can be triggered, in process 916A.

FIG. 10A depicts a flow chart illustrating another example process formanaging traffic initiated remotely from a mobile device in a wirelessnetwork through batching of event transfer based on event priority.

In process 1002A, multiple occurrences of events having a first prioritytype are detected at a server wirelessly coupled to a mobile device. Inprocess 1004A, the server cumulates the multiple occurrences of eventshaving a first priority type, before transfer over the wireless network.The first priority type may not be of a high priority type or having apriority exceeding a certain threshold level indicating a level or timecriticality or urgency. Thus, such events, upon occurrence, may not beimmediately transferred to the mobile device, until certain criterion ismet, or until one or more triggering events occur.

For example, in process 1006A, occurrence of an event of a secondpriority type is detected at the server, which can trigger batchtransfer of the cumulated events to the mobile device, in process 1016A,when the second priority type is of a higher priority than the firstpriority type. In another example, in process 1008A, data transfer fromthe mobile device indicates the radio use on the mobile device, whichcan trigger batch transfer of the cumulated events to the mobile device,in process 1016A.

Alternatively, in process 1010A, after a period of time elapses, batchtransfer of the cumulated events to the mobile device can be triggered,in process 1016A. In process 1012A, a user trigger or in response to auser prompt, batch transfer of the cumulated events to the mobile devicecan be triggered, in process 1016A. In process 1014A, when it isdetected that an application is exited and/or moved into the background,batch transfer of the cumulated events to the mobile device can betriggered, in process 1016A. In general, manual overrides or manualsyncs can cause batch transfers to occur, either from the mobile deviceto the server or vice versa.

FIG. 6C depicts a flow chart illustrating example selection processesthrough which data transfer requests of multiple applications can becoordinated into a single transfer operation.

In process 602C, a first data transfer request initiated by a firstapplication on a device or mobile device is received. One or moreselection processes can be performed to determine whether to delaytransfer of the first data transfer request, as shown in steps604C-608C, including, determining whether the user is interacting withthe first application, whether the first application is in theforeground, or whether the radio of the mobile device on which therequest is initiated is already on. Note that although the selectionprocesses are illustrated and identified in a specific order, the orderin which the system checks for applicability is not limited to such, anyof the above conditions can be checked in any ordering or anycombination with one of the other conditions.

If one of the above applies, in process 610C, in general, a decision canbe made to transfer the data request over the wireless (cellular orothers) network, or to power on the radio (e.g., via the radiocontroller 256 shown in the example of FIG. 2A) to perform the transferwithout or with minimal delay. Additional conditions that are not shownhere which may cause the transfer of the data request to occurimmediately or upon receipt may be included.

If none of the conditions in 604C-608C applies (or other suitableconditions depending on the specific implementation), in process 612C,the transfer of the first data transfer request can be delayed. Inprocess 614C, it is determined whether another data transfer request hasbeen initiated. If not, the process continues at flow ‘A’ in FIG. 7C.

If so, the system performs one or more of several condition checks shownin decision flows 616C-624C including determining whether the secondapplication is of higher priority than the first application, whetherthe second application running in the foreground, whether the userinteracting with the second application, whether the other data requestinitiated in response to user interaction, and/or whether the secondapplication is more data intensive than the first application. The flowchart continues at ‘A’ in FIG. 7C if none of the above conditions apply.

If any of the above conditions apply, then in process 626C, the firstdata transfer request of the first application and the other datatransfer request of the second application are transferred in a singletransfer operation over the network. Note that the conditions shown in616C-624C can be applied in any order or any combination with oneanother, although illustrated in the example flow chart as having aparticular order.

FIG. 7C depicts an example of triggering events that would cause a datarequest to be transferred without alignment with another data request.

The events shown in processes 702C-710C can occur independently or inconjunction with one another and cause the data request to betransferred over the wireless network without or with minimal delay uponoccurrences of these events. For example, in process 702C, the mobiledevice radio is turned on due to another event. In process 704C, acertain time period has elapsed, in process 706C, a user trigger isdetected, and/or the first application exits in process 708C and/ormoves into the background in process 710C. When any of the aboveconditions are detected, n process 721C, the data request is transferredover the wireless (cellular or others) network.

FIG. 8C depicts a flow chart illustrating an example process for usingtiming characteristics of data requests made by individual applicationsto delay transfer of one or more of the data requests made by one of theindividual applications.

In processes 802C and 804C, data transfer requests made by first andsecond application on the mobile device are tracked. For example, thetransaction/request manager 235 of the local proxy 275 shown in theexample of FIG. 2A can detect the occurrence of the data transferrequests and request that the application behavior detector 236 begin totrack correlations or other types of behaviors of the requestingapplications.

In process 806C, a first timing characteristic of data transfer requestsmade by the first application is determined and in process 808C, asecond timing characteristic of data transfer requests made by thesecond application is determined, and can be used, for example, by thecorrelation detector 238 to identify any correlations in the requests.

Based on the identified timing characteristics and any determinedcorrelations or applicable priorities (e.g., as determined by theprioritization engine 238 in the example of FIG. 2A). In process 810C,the transfer of the first data request can be delayed using the firstand second timing characteristics or in process 812C, the transfer ofthe second data request can be delayed using the first and second timingcharacteristics. Such delay (e.g., determined by the delay module 258 ofthe local proxy shown in the example of FIG. 2B) can be until anotherevent occurs, until a manual (user) trigger is detected, or after acertain amount of time, or when another triggering event (e.g., userinteraction) occurs. Note that the delays are user-configurable and canbe tracked and factored into consideration by the delay module 258.

While the example is illustrated and described for differentapplications (e.g., first and second applications are differentapplications), the process can similarly be applied to differentrequests within the same application (e.g., first and secondapplications may be the same application).

FIG. 9B depicts a flow chart illustrating an example process for usingapplication behavior of multiple applications to align their contentrequests made over the network.

In process 902B, application behavior of multiple applications aredetected on a mobile device. In general, the behaviors of any number ofapplications on the mobile device that are detected can be tracked. Anyor all mobile applications on a device can be monitored for thepotential for its requests to be aligned for traffic coordination. Inaddition, the user can select the applications to be aligned, or specifyapplications not to be tracked for traffic coordination. Furthermore,the device platform, manufacturer, OS settings, and/or network providermay have additional specifications or conditions for aligning trafficrequests and selection of applications for traffic coordination.

In process 904B, some of the content requests made by at least a portionthe multiple applications from the mobile device over the network, arealigned. Process flow continues to step ‘B’ as shown in the example ofFIG. 10B which depicts an example of processes through which the time ofdelay ‘D’ for content requests can be determined to align contentrequests over the wireless network. In process 906B, some of the contentrequests that are delayed in a single transfer operation are transferredover the network.

Example processes applied to determine delay time ‘D’ include, by way ofexample but not limitation: Determine priority of a specific applicationor priority of the application relative to other applications in process1002B, Determine an amount of data involved in a given content requestin step 1004B, Determine the useable lifetime of data to be transferredin the content request in step 1006B, Determine a nature of datainvolved in a given content request in step 1008B, Determine a status ofthe application making the content request in step 1010B, and/orDetermine the network characteristics when the request is made in step1012B. Any number of the above conditions can be applied in any order.Additional conditions which can be used may not be illustrated in theexample above. In process 1014B, any user configuration or overridingsettings can be factored into consideration in determining delay toalign content request, in process 1016B.

FIG. 6D depicts a flow chart illustrating an example process for usinguser activity and/or application server/provider activity to time thetransfer of data from the host to the mobile device to optimize use ofnetwork resources.

In process 602D, user activity at a mobile device is detected andtracked in process 606D. In process 604D, server activity is detectedfor a host server (e.g., an application server or content provider suchas app server/provider 110 in the examples of FIGS. 1A-1B) with whichthe mobile device interacts to satisfy content requests at the mobiledevice. In process 608D, the server activity can be tracked. In oneembodiment, the user behavior and activity are detected and tracked by alocal proxy on the mobile device and the server activity of the hostserver (app server/content provider) is tracked and detected by a remoteproxy which is able to wirelessly communicate with the local proxy in adistributed proxy system. Some examples of the types of user activitiesand server activities that can be tracked or characterized are shown inthe examples of FIGS. 7D and 8D.

Using the user activity and/or the server activity, the timing withwhich to transfer impending data from the host server to the mobiledevice is determined. In one embodiment, the timing is determined basedon prediction of a future activity session at the mobile device.

In process 610D and in process 612D, the impending data is transferredfrom the host server to the mobile device according to the timing. Thetiming is generally determined such that network resource use isoptimized and/or such that user experience is enhanced or preserved. Forexample, the transferring of impending data comprises pre-caching ofcontent on the mobile device to support data activity for a futureactivity session predicted based on the user behavior and the serveractivity.

In addition, server activities of multiple host servers (e.g., multipleapplication servers or content providers including by way of example butnot limitation, push notification servers, email hosts, RSS, webservices, web sites, gaming sites, etc.) with which the mobile deviceinteracts to satisfy content requests at the mobile device are detectedand/or tracked in process 616D. In process 618D, based on the serveractivities of multiple hosts and providers, the likelihood that anactivity session initiated at the mobile device will interact with agiven host server (application server or provider) can be predicted.Based on the prediction, each of the multiple host servers areprioritized based on the prediction of likelihood an activity sessioninitiated at the mobile device will interact with a given host server,in process 620D.

FIG. 7D depicts an example of processes which can be used to for userbehavior prediction.

For example, the system (either the local proxy on the device side orthe server proxy on the server side, or a combination thereof) candetect a pattern of user-initiated events at the mobile device, inprocess 702D. For example, a pattern can include, a correlation in timebetween initiations of one application and another application, orcorrelation between initiation of one event/transaction and anotherevent/transaction. The system can also track the user activity given thetime of day or day of the week in process 704D, and identify anypatterns in user behavior such as preferences or habits with regards toapplication use frequency, which applications are used, and/or whichactivities the user is engaged in with each application,

The system can further track an order with which new data is accessed oran order with which applications are accessed on the mobile device, inprocess 708D, and/or through collaborative filtering, in process 710D.Any number of and combination of the above events can be used to predictuser behavior, in step 712D.

Note that user behavior can be determined for different contexts. Forexample, the system can determine user behavior with respect toaccessing work email and behavior with respect to accessing personalemail accounts (e.g., time of day or day of week a user accesses certainaccounts, frequency, actions taken, features used, etc.). In addition,user behavior may also be determined with respect to differentapplications or services (e.g., when and how frequently a user usesFacebook, tweets, accesses Yelp, uses Maps/Location/Directionapplications, etc.)

FIG. 8D depicts an example of processes which can be used to detect appserver/provider characteristics.

For example, the last last-accessed time or a frequency of access of thehost server (application server/service provider) can be determined inprocess 802D, or an amount of impending data to be transferred to themobile device can be determined in process 804D. In general, serveractivities can be detected and monitored by the server-side components(e.g., the proxy server) of the distributed proxy and cache system. Suchinformation can be used alone or in conjunction to detect serveractivity characteristics, in process 806D.

FIG. 9C depicts a flow chart illustrating an example process toanticipate a future activity session at a mobile device to enhance userexperience with a mobile application.

In process 902C, user activity characteristics at a mobile device andserver activity characteristics of a host server are detected. The hostserver is a server with which the mobile device interacts with tosatisfy application requests (e.g., mobile applications) at the mobiledevice and can include, for example, application servers or contentproviders.

In process 904C, a future activity session can be anticipated at themobile device. In addition, contextual cues can be used in theanticipation of the activity session as illustrated at flow ‘A’ in theexample of FIG. 10C.

In process 906C, decision is made to pre-cache content on the mobiledevice to support predicted data activity for the future activitysession that has been predicted. In process 908C, impending content istransferred from the host server the mobile device to pre-cache content,such that user experience with the mobile application can be enhanced.

FIG. 10C depicts an example of processes through which contextual datafor use in anticipation of future activity sessions can be determined.

For example, location change of the mobile device can be detected, instep 1004C; changes in readings of hardware sensors (e.g., motion, GPS,temperature, tilt, vibration, capacitive, resistive, ambient light,device backlight, etc.) on the mobile device can be detected in 1006C,and/or states or statuses of applications (e.g., activity state,foreground/background status, etc.) on the mobile device can be detectedin 1008C.

FIG. 11 shows a diagrammatic representation of a machine in the exampleform of a computer system within which a set of instructions, forcausing the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologiesdiscussed herein, may be executed.

In alternative embodiments, the machine operates as a standalone deviceor may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networkeddeployment, the machine may operate in the capacity of a server or aclient machine in a client-server network environment, or as a peermachine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment.

The machine may be a server computer, a client computer, a personalcomputer (PC), a user device, a tablet PC, a laptop computer, a set-topbox (STB), a personal digital assistant (PDA), a cellular telephone, aniPhone, an iPad, a Blackberry, a processor, a telephone, a webappliance, a network router, switch or bridge, a console, a hand-heldconsole, a (hand-held) gaming device, a music player, any portable,mobile, hand-held device, or any machine capable of executing a set ofinstructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be takenby that machine.

While the machine-readable medium or machine-readable storage medium isshown in an exemplary embodiment to be a single medium, the term“machine-readable medium” and “machine-readable storage medium” shouldbe taken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., acentralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches andservers) that store the one or more sets of instructions. The term“machine-readable medium” and “machine-readable storage medium” shallalso be taken to include any medium that is capable of storing, encodingor carrying a set of instructions for execution by the machine and thatcause the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies of thepresently disclosed technique and innovation.

In general, the routines executed to implement the embodiments of thedisclosure, may be implemented as part of an operating system or aspecific application, component, program, object, module or sequence ofinstructions referred to as “computer programs.” The computer programstypically comprise one or more instructions set at various times invarious memory and storage devices in a computer, and that, when readand executed by one or more processing units or processors in acomputer, cause the computer to perform operations to execute elementsinvolving the various aspects of the disclosure.

Moreover, while embodiments have been described in the context of fullyfunctioning computers and computer systems, those skilled in the artwill appreciate that the various embodiments are capable of beingdistributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that thedisclosure applies equally regardless of the particular type of machineor computer-readable media used to actually effect the distribution.

Further examples of machine-readable storage media, machine-readablemedia, or computer-readable (storage) media include but are not limitedto recordable type media such as volatile and non-volatile memorydevices, floppy and other removable disks, hard disk drives, opticaldisks (e.g., Compact Disk Read-Only Memory (CD ROMS), Digital VersatileDisks, (DVDs), etc.), among others, and transmission type media such asdigital and analog communication links.

In some embodiments, the network interface device may enable the machine1100 to mediate data in a network with an entity that is external to thehost server, through any known and/or convenient communications protocolsupported by the host and the external entity. The network interfacedevice can include one or more of a network adaptor card, a wirelessnetwork interface card, a router, an access point, a wireless router, aswitch, a multilayer switch, a protocol converter, a gateway, a bridge,bridge router, a hub, a digital media receiver, and/or a repeater.

In some embodiments, the network interface device can include a firewallwhich can, in some embodiments, govern and/or manage permission toaccess/proxy data in a computer network, and track varying levels oftrust between different machines and/or applications. The firewall canbe any number of modules having any combination of hardware and/orsoftware components able to enforce a predetermined set of access rightsbetween a particular set of machines and applications, machines andmachines, and/or applications and applications, for example, to regulatethe flow of traffic and resource sharing between these varying entities.The firewall may additionally manage and/or have access to an accesscontrol list which details permissions including for example, the accessand operation rights of an object by an individual, a machine, and/or anapplication, and the circumstances under which the permission rightsstand.

Other network security functions can be performed or included in thefunctions of the firewall, can be, for example, but are not limited to,intrusion-prevention, intrusion detection, next-generation firewall,personal firewall, etc. without deviating from the novel art of thisdisclosure.

Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout thedescription and the claims, the words “comprise,” “comprising,” and thelike are to be construed in an inclusive sense, as opposed to anexclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of“including, but not limited to.” As used herein, the terms “connected,”“coupled,” or any variant thereof, means any connection or coupling,either direct or indirect, between two or more elements; the coupling ofconnection between the elements can be physical, logical, or acombination thereof. Additionally, the words “herein,” “above,” “below,”and words of similar import, when used in this application, shall referto this application as a whole and not to any particular portions ofthis application. Where the context permits, words in the above DetailedDescription using the singular or plural number may also include theplural or singular number respectively. The word “or,” in reference to alist of two or more items, covers all of the following interpretationsof the word: any of the items in the list, all of the items in the list,and any combination of the items in the list.

The above detailed description of embodiments of the disclosure is notintended to be exhaustive or to limit the teachings to the precise formdisclosed above. While specific embodiments of, and examples for, thedisclosure are described above for illustrative purposes, variousequivalent modifications are possible within the scope of thedisclosure, as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize. Forexample, while processes or blocks are presented in a given order,alternative embodiments may perform routines having steps, or employsystems having blocks, in a different order, and some processes orblocks may be deleted, moved, added, subdivided, combined, and/ormodified to provide alternative or subcombinations. Each of theseprocesses or blocks may be implemented in a variety of different ways.Also, while processes or blocks are at times shown as being performed inseries, these processes or blocks may instead be performed in parallel,or may be performed at different times. Further any specific numbersnoted herein are only examples: alternative implementations may employdiffering values or ranges.

The teachings of the disclosure provided herein can be applied to othersystems, not necessarily the system described above. The elements andacts of the various embodiments described above can be combined toprovide further embodiments.

Any patents and applications and other references noted above, includingany that may be listed in accompanying filing papers, are incorporatedherein by reference. Aspects of the disclosure can be modified, ifnecessary, to employ the systems, functions, and concepts of the variousreferences described above to provide yet further embodiments of thedisclosure.

These and other changes can be made to the disclosure in light of theabove Detailed Description. While the above description describescertain embodiments of the disclosure, and describes the best modecontemplated, no matter how detailed the above appears in text, theteachings can be practiced in many ways. Details of the system may varyconsiderably in its implementation details, while still beingencompassed by the subject matter disclosed herein. As noted above,particular terminology used when describing certain features or aspectsof the disclosure should not be taken to imply that the terminology isbeing redefined herein to be restricted to any specific characteristics,features, or aspects of the disclosure with which that terminology isassociated. In general, the terms used in the following claims shouldnot be construed to limit the disclosure to the specific embodimentsdisclosed in the specification, unless the above Detailed Descriptionsection explicitly defines such terms. Accordingly, the actual scope ofthe disclosure encompasses not only the disclosed embodiments, but alsoall equivalent ways of practicing or implementing the disclosure underthe claims.

While certain aspects of the disclosure are presented below in certainclaim forms, the inventors contemplate the various aspects of thedisclosure in any number of claim forms. For example, while only oneaspect of the disclosure is recited as a means-plus-function claim under35 U.S.C. § 112, 916, other aspects may likewise be embodied as ameans-plus-function claim, or in other forms, such as being embodied ina computer-readable medium. (Any claims intended to be treated under 35U.S.C. § 112, 916 will begin with the words “means for”.) Accordingly,the applicant reserves the right to add additional claims after filingthe application to pursue such additional claim forms for other aspectsof the disclosure.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method of conserving battery consumption on a mobile device, the method, comprising: using characteristics of user activity on the mobile device to locally adjust behavior of the mobile device to optimize battery consumption on the mobile device.
 2. A mobile device which improves network resource utilization in a wireless network, the mobile device, comprising: a memory; a radio; and a processor coupled to the memory and configured to: receive instructions from a user to enter a power save mode; while in the power save mode, block transmission of outgoing application data requests, wherein the outgoing application data requests are background application requests for more than one application; while in the power save mode, allow transmission of additional outgoing application data requests in response to occurrence of receipt of data transfer from a remote entity, user input in response to a prompt displayed to the user, and a change in a background status of an application executing on the mobile device, wherein the additional outgoing application data requests are foreground application requests, wherein the remote entity is an intermediary server that provides connectivity between an application server for the application and the mobile device; exit the power save mode based on received instructions from the user to exit the power save mode, wherein, when the power save mode is exited, the outgoing application data requests occurring while the mobile device is not in the power save mode are blocked by user selection on an application-by-application basis, wherein the user selection instructs the mobile device whether to block the outgoing application data requests for each application that is selected by the user for blocking. 